The Mayas and the Incas.

The Mayas and the Incas argon two Indian subtletys that inhabited South the States and left a significant mark on the culture and history of these fructifys. They both hurl legends that radio link their arrival to immigration from the East however it is more equivalently that the immigration occurred from the north. though these two cultures had few similarities unmatched of these was not language as they had several differences in their native tongues. However, regard little of the differences legends have claimed a community of origin between these two civilizations, in the remote past.The Inca civilization has a s focal point of less than two hundred y pinnas in comparison to the Maya civilization and has its base in the state that is now Peru. They flourished in the highlands of the Andes and their reign is estimated as being from AD 1438 1534. They besides extended into the areas that are now Ecuador and Chile. There are links that show that this civilization was der ived from a warlike tribe that moved into the valley at Cuzco. Their reign was estimated to span from the Maule River to the Quito.In contrast, the Maya civilization emerged in BC 1000 and lasted more than a railyard years in the Yucatan area of Mexico into Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. They were responsible for the creation of more cities in their time such as Tikal and Uxual. They also had a wide span however their system of governance varied greatly and there was no emperor moth but rather several powerful heads in each metropolis. There was also no groovy as each city ruled itself.In terms of religious practices both civilizations practiced sacrificing of animals and at quantify of humans as well. They also both worshipped several Gods. The Incas believed in a creator and many sky gods. They called gold the sweat of the sun and viewed it as precious only in stuff and nonsenses employ for observation items. They focused on rituals that they believed led to healing and incr easing harvest. In a trait similar to the Mayas, in times of calamity they believed in the sacrifice of humans.These times included earthquakes and drought. The Inca also had a similar godliness to the Inca. They also believed in several nature Gods and in the use of sacrifice to appease the Gods. The thought that the aliment of blood to the Gods would also appease and satisfy the Gods so that theirchildren would be healthy and their crops would be good. Religion was crucial in daily life and this is obvious from the breeding that has been attained from pottery, the walls of buildings and murals.Inca architecture was ornate. The capital city was Cuzco and this was the richest city in the Americas at that time. The temples were decorated with gold plates. There were many royal estates and palaces that were for the nobility and were constantly maintained by the builders and artisans. The Mayas had elaborate buildings as well but were more advanced in their use of material.They u sed concrete in their construction and built pyramids as monuments to Gods and leaders. Some of these pyramids were as tall as two hundred feet. They also had a distinctive style of construction. The pyramids that they built the tops were flat distant those in Egyptian architecture. This meant that their leaders were able to climb and sit atop the pyramids.There were mainly three staples in the Inca forage. These were corn, potato and a spill called quinua. They were advanced in thinking and grew a surplus of food for times of war and drought. The quinua was the seed that was used to produce flour and cereal.Corn was used in religious ceremonies and to make a drink called Chicha. The Maya diet was also largely reliant on agriculture. They cultivated corn, beans, sweet potatoes, squash and yucca. Corn was the main staple in their diet. They also sourced meat from the hunting of deer, monkey, duck and wild turkey. The product that was limited in use to the nobles was chocolate a nd was referred to as the drink of the Gods.The Incas had rulers that enforced a strong work ethic in them. Though they had leisure time this time was focused more on religious festivals. Many festivals would take place that were to honour leaders, Gods and to help with a good harvest. The Maya, in contrast, actually had a lot more activities. They had a game called pok-ol-pok that used a rubber ball.This game is really similar to what we know instantly as soccer. As in soccer the hands were not used to touch the ball and the ball had to be hit though a ring. This game could be very competitive and sometimes the losing team would drowse off their life. They also had trumpets made from conch gets and drums that they used to play music. Some other instruments included the turtle shell rattles and the pottery flutes. They loved to dance and play music and would honour the rulers and Gods by doing these activities.Both societies were classed societies. The Maya had at the bottom of the hunt the slaves. This was followed by the peasants, artisans, nobility, priests and the leaders at the top. There was no supreme leader. The farmers raised crops and worked hard as they did not use animals to prepare fields. Craftsmen made murals, pottery, jewellery and many other items.They also had piercing and tattoos like today but viewed beauty differently. The Inca had a similar class but with labourers below and an Emperor at the top. Farmers also worked hard and grew crops but also reared animals. The llamas were used for transport and the alpacas for their wool. The Inca painted their faces and also had piercings. They in addition had the ear of boys pierced in a manhood ceremony and a gold disc placed in the hole. When the boy grew older this disc was replaced with larger and larger discs. This was considered to be a sign of beauty.The culture of the Maya was very developed. They possessed a written language and books. They also had experts in the fields of math and astronomy. As already mentioned, their architecture was exceptional and they constructed palaces and pyramids with great skill. The writings of the Maya are perhaps on of the first writings of the Americas. They utilize pictures and symbols to represent words and thoughts.These symbols can be known as glyphs and have been found in books and walls. Their books were folded like a fan and were called codices. Their number system was advanced and they based it on the number 20 unlike our present system that uses 10. The Maya could subtract and add. It has also been seen that they were able to plot the movement of the sun, moon and Venus. They performed calculations on the celestial sphere of Venus that have been found to be very accurate today. Their calendar is the more or less accurate one from the ancient world. They based their year on a 365 day system over one thousand years ago.The Inca culture was not as advanced and they did not have any written language. They did have the fo resight to have verbal historians in their society that ensured that their history was passed along through the generations. The form of mathematics that was practiced was also not very developed. They used a quipus to keep track of numbers. This consisted of coloured set up and knots tied. The quipu rememberers were able to translate the knots and keep track of amounts.The method by which the quipu was used is not known today. Although notvery advanced like the Maya in many aspects the Inca were also skilled in terms of architecture. The material they used was stone and not concrete however they were skilled enough to be able to sound the stones perfectly without the use of mortar. They also had the insight to build a lot of roads as more as 10,000 miles in addition to many temples, palaces and bridges. Their bridges were great structures that were made using a traffic circle suspension method and they were advanced in terms of irrigation.The Inca and the Maya civilizations bot h have a lot of similarities and differences. The similarities in their religious beliefs are evident on further inspection. These may be due to the fact that they most probably have in their lineages common ancestors or roots. The belief in sacrifices as well as the similarities in some of their Gods points clearly to this. The importance that the societies have placed on religion is also evident in their cultures.One factor that can explanation for the advanced development of the Maya civilization is the fact that they were an old civilization. This civilization had a lot of time to develop. The time period that they existed for was over a thousand years braggy them a lot of time to develop, grow, explore and investigate the world around them and ways to improve their life. This information could then be passed along through the generations and built on and further developed with each in series(p) generation.The Inca civilization, however, is one that was very young in age. The y were around for only a period of about 200 years. This means that they were not able to advance to the degree of the Maya civilization within that timeframe. There achievements are in fact great for the limited time that they were in their prime. Their language given time, I am real would have developed into a written language as well.Location of the civilizations can also account for differences in their diet and daily life. Though in the southern continent of the Americas the types of crops planted and reared would have varied from area to area and this would affect the type of food that was consumed by the population.The governance system of the civilizations may also account for some of the differences. The Mayas were not babelike on the governance of an Emperor and were able to function as mugwump cities while the Inca hada supreme Emperor. This may indeed have held back the development of the Inca as they were dependent on the genius of one individual whereas the Maya were led by several leaders in many cities.These reasons may account for the differences and similarities in the Inca and Maya civilizations. These civilizations had many similarities and many differences but were both in their own way and in their own time great in terms of their achievements and development.ReferencesStrohl, M. and S. Schneck. Mayas, Aztecs, Incas Cooperative Learning Activities. New York pedant Professional Books, 1994.Baquedano, E. Eyewitness Books Aztec, Inca, and Maya. New York Alfred A. Knopf,1993.Mesoamerican Civilizations Mayas and Incas. 24th April, 2007Bleeker, S and Sasaki, K. The Maya Indians of Central America. Published Morrow, 1961.