Friday, May 31, 2019

Bandwidth :: essays research papers

Computers store all information as binary numbers. The binary number system uses two binary digits, 0 and 1, which are called bits. The follow of data that a computer network can transfer in a certain amount of time is called the bandwidth of the network and is measured in kilobits per entropy (kbps) or megabits per second (mbps). A kilobit is 1 thousand bits a megabit is 1 million bits. A dial-up telephone modem can transfer data at rates up to 56 kbps DSL and cable modem connections are much faster and can transfer at several mbps. The Internet connections used by businesses often operate at 155 mbps, and connections between routers in the heart of the Internet may operate at rates from 2,488 to 9,953 mbps (9.953 gigabits per second) The terms wideband or broadband are used to characterize networks with high capacity and to distinguish them from narrowband networks, which have low capacity. Research on dividing information into packets and switching them from computer to comput er began in the 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded a research project that created a packet switching network known as the ARPANET. ARPA also funded research projects that produced two satellite networks. In the 1970s ARPA was faced with a dilemma Each of its networks had advantages for some situations, but each network was uncongenial with the others. ARPA focused research on ways that networks could be interconnected, and the Internet was envisioned and created to be an interconnection of networks that use transmission control protocol/IP protocols. In the early mid-eighties a group of academic computer scientists formed the Computer Science web, which used TCP/IP protocols. Other government agencies extended the role of TCP/IP by applying it to their networks The Department of Energys Magnetic Fusion Energy Network (MFENet), the High Energy Physics NETwork (HEPNET), and the National Science Foundation NETwork (NSFNET). In the 1980s, as large commercial companies began to use TCP/IP to build private internets, ARPA investigated transmission of multimediaaudio, video, and graphicsacross the Internet. Other groups investigated hypertext and created tools such as Gopher that allowed users to browse menus, which are lists of possible options. In 1989 many of these technologies were combined to create the World Wide Web.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Geronimo :: essays papers

GeronimoGeronimos grandfather, Maco, had been the chief of the Nedni Apaches.He had been of great size and strength. When Maco had been chief his principlewars had been against the Mexicans. They were seldom at great length of heartseasewith the Mexicans. When Macos son (Geronimos Dad) became a warrior, Maco died.Geronimos father could not become the chief of the Nednis, because he marrieda woman from the Bedonkohe Apaches. The two had 8 children- four boys and fourgirls, including Geronimo. The incident that one of the boys would becomechief of he Bedonkohe was very slim. His mother taught him the legends of hispeople taught him the sun and sky, the moon and stars, the clouds and storms.She also taught him to kneel and pray to Usen fir strength, health, wisdom, andprotection. When the children were young they would influence with each other andsome periods with their mother and father. When they were grown up enough to doreal services they went to the field with their p arents not to play, but totoil. They did not make tobacco, but they found it in the wild. All ofGeronimos tribe smoked, both men and woman. No boy was allowed to smoke untilhe could hunt alone and kill bear-sized game such as wolves, bear, deer, etc.Geronimos father died when Geronimo was at a young age. They wrapped hisfather in his finest clothes, painted his face, wrapped a productive blanket aroundhim, saddled his favorite horse, bore his arms in front of him, and led hishorse behind, repeating in wailing tones his deeds of courage as they carried hisbody to a cave in the mountain. They then slew his horses and gave way all hisproperty, as was customary in our tribe, after which his body was deposited inthe cave, his arms beside him. Geronimos mother never married again, whichwas not a custom to the Bedonkohe Apache. In 1846, when Geronimo was 17 yearsof age, he was admitted to the council of warriors. If a war had startedbetween tribes he could go on the warpath with his tribe. Geronimo had longdesired to fight with his warriors. What he was the happiest about was that hecould marry Alope, the daughter of No-po-so. The two had been with each otheralong time before. So when he got the news that he was in the council of

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Use of Aphorisms in Steinbecks The Winter of Our Discontent :: essays research papers

In John Steinbecks classic novel The Winter of Our Discontent, one can find numerous general truths and principles, also known as aphorisms. Ethan Allen Hawley, the main character, seems to gift the reader with another aphorism at the turn of every page, cicatricece some of these sayings whitethorn be considered more remarkable than others. One of the more noteworthy aphorisms is a statement made by Ethan at the end of chapter 6 To be brisk at all is to have scars. While this may not be the theme that Steinbeck concentrates on the most, it is surely one of the most important. Ethan is the most prominent utilization of this, as he has suffered many misfortunes in his life. Every other mature character in the book also carries these emotional scars scars on ones morality, character, and thought. Perhaps what the author was trying to convey is that from the moment one is born, one knows pain and suffering. However, many of these wounds heal with time, and become the scars of the past. Ethan compares the scars that his lack of morality go away go to the scars that his failure has produced, but the truth is that these are not scars at all, but injuries that time will not heal, and conscience will only make worse. His wounds will never mend, they will weigh down on him until drastic measures must be taken to escape the constant reminders of what he has done. Ethan considers and then nearly commits suicide, but he realizes that no matter what he has done, his daughter needs him above anything else. So he must go on living, scar after scar becoming layers upon layers of discontent on his heart. Every human being on earth accumulates scars of this nature. From errors made in the past come forth blemishes on the soul that serve as permanent reminders of ones mistakes, and the scars provide maps to roads not to be taken again.

Analysis of The Darling, by Anton Chekhov Essay -- The Darling Essays

The story The pricy by Anton Chekhov, illustrates a woman that is lonely, insecure, and missing wholeness of oneself without a man in her life. This woman, Olenka, nicknamed Darling is compassionate, gentle and sentimental. Olenka is portrayed for being conventional, a woman who is reliant, diligent, and idea less. Although, this story portrays that this woman, known as the Darling needs some sort of male to be emotionally dependant upon, it is as if she is a black widow, she is satisfactory to win affection, but without respect. Only able to find happiness by means of the refection of the beliefs of her tell apartrs, she neer evolves within the story. This story, The Darling presents how a woman, named Olenka, the main character, who is also, in this story, known as the dearie, has a reliance on others, and for the near lives an empty life. Olenka does not posses any personality of her own therefore, she only finds happiness in reflecting the belief of her husbands /lovers. Olenka has the need to be fond of someone, and she frequently, fills her empty life through others, but only after having time of lacking wholeness in her self. In the beginning it appears that Olenka is waiting for Mr. Right, but it is really so, that Olenka, is dependant and needs to love and have the love of others. She finds this love, this unconditional love that most look for, in people such as her aunt, the schools French master, and even her father. Later, Olenka finds herself hook up with to a man, by the name of, Kukin, and Kukin being her first husband. Kukin is someone whom Olenka feels she cannot be without. Olenka sitting lonely on her back porch, night after night, and lost in thought, listed, one evening, to Kukin, the manager of an open-air theater, called the Tivoli, says, Again. Its going to rain again meaning there will be no work. She again on the following evening, listens to him, as he, with a laugh of hysteria, says, Well, rain away, then Flood the garden, drown me..... Olenka trying to be light part of something and feel as if she has a purpose, would listen to Kukin with silent gravity, and sometimes there would be tears that would fill her eyes. Kukin proposed to Olenka. Afterward marring and getting a closer view of Olenka, he throws his hands up and says, You darling After seeing her neck and her plump, fine s... ...end proves to this reader that Olenka has never been able to fulfill this need she is looking for, this need to love and to be loved. Voloditchka and Sasha do come back to this place where Olenka is, but with his wife and the mother of his son, to reconcile. In Conclusion, this story portrays a woman who is insecure, lonely, and looking to love and to be loved. This love is something which Olenka searches for in males, some(prenominal) adults, and boys, she thinks she finds this love, in her husbands and, lover. She what she thinks to be love, in her first husband, and then her second, but the third male in her life, her lover, known as Voldichka is there only for his satisfaction. Olenka does get the fulfillment of love needed y Voldichka. Olenka than tries through a boy named Sasha, Voldichkas son. It is true to this reader that even though Olenka experienced these relationships with these men and the boy, Sasha, she still never found a complete fulfillment in life. Olenka did not experience respect as a woman, but someone who would be there as needed. Olenka never earned respect as most women do, she to this reader only was a filler for others, others of the gender known as male.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Dr. Richard P. Feynman Essay -- Physics Biography Biographies

The Early Life of Dr. Richard P. FeynmanRichard Feynman was a modern Renaissance man. Hailed as a scientist, musician, Nobel Laureate, and teacher. He played in a street band in Rio de Janerio, deciphered Mayan hieroglyphics, a fundamental contributor to quantum electrodynamics, and one of two learned men of his time on Tanna Tuva, his experience and accomplishment were of a broad range and applications.Born in 1918 in Far Rockaway, New York, Richard Feynman started working with and studying electronics at a young age. At eleven, he began to repair radio systems as a hobby, for hotels and homes alike. Because it was the Depression, and he worked for free, he received a good deal of demand. He wasnt trying to make a boodle he wanted to learn more about them, by repairing. His spare time was usually spent experimenting with various different electronics. He once crafted a radio that could pick up signals from Texas, and used it to predict radio shows, by listening to them a few hours before the local stations broadcast them.At seventeen, he attended MIT, studying physics and graduating after four years as a physics major. During this time he met Arlene, whom he married in 1941. She shared a vigor for life with Feynman, and served as a point of constancy in his life. He went on to study at Princeton after graduating from MIT in 1943. Here he had another experiment if you take a S-shaped sprinkler, submerge it in irrigate, and vacuum water into it, which direction does it turn, the same as if it were spraying water into air, or the opposite? The debate for this question went on long enough, that Feynman decided to go out and DO it. By placing such a sprinkler into a big water bottle, and pressurizing the water to push water int... ... light also brought about the discovery of Tuvan throat-singers, singers of a particular style that they can harmonize with themselves, something previously suasion to be impossible.In 1985, Feynman published his book, Surely You re Joking, Mr. Feynman, an autobiography which relates his life and personal anecdotes, which was a national bestseller for 14 weeks. Posthumously, the sequel, What Do You Care What Other People suppose?, was also published.In 1987, Feynman was discovered to have another cancerous tumor. Although this one was also remover, it left him greatly weakened. He was admitted to a hospital again in February 1988 for a gastrointestinal ulcer, which destroyed his other kidney. Although he could have extended his lifespan by using a dialysis machine, he declined that to accept a pictorial death. Dr. Richard P. Feynman died on February 15, 1988.

Dr. Richard P. Feynman Essay -- Physics Biography Biographies

The Early Life of Dr. Richard P. FeynmanRichard Feynman was a modern Renaissance man. Hailed as a scientist, musician, Nobel Laureate, and teacher. He played in a street band in Rio de Janerio, deciphered Mayan hieroglyphics, a fundamental contributor to quantum electrodynamics, and one of two learned men of his time on Tanna Tuva, his experience and skill were of a broad range and applications.Born in 1918 in Far Rockaway, New York, Richard Feynman started working with and studying electronics at a young age. At eleven, he began to holiday resort tuner systems as a hobby, for hotels and homes alike. Because it was the Depression, and he worked for free, he received a good deal of demand. He wasnt trying to make a profit he wanted to learn more about them, by repairing. His spare time was usually spent experimenting with various different electronics. He once crafted a radio that could pick up signals from Texas, and used it to predict radio shows, by listening to them a few hours before the local stations broadcast them.At seventeen, he attended MIT, studying physics and graduating after four years as a physics major. During this time he met Arlene, whom he married in 1941. She divided a vigor for life with Feynman, and served as a point of constancy in his life. He went on to study at Princeton after graduating from MIT in 1943. here(predicate) he had another experiment if you take a S-shaped sprinkler, submerge it in pissing, and vacuum water into it, which direction does it turn, the same as if it were spraying water into air, or the opposite? The debate for this question went on long enough, that Feynman decided to go out and DO it. By placing such a sprinkler into a large water bottle, and pressurizing the water to push water int... ... light to a fault brought about the discovery of Tuvan throat-singers, singers of a particular style that they can harmonize with themselves, something previously thought to be impossible.In 1985, Feynman published h is book, Surely Youre Joking, Mr. Feynman, an autobiography which relates his life and personal anecdotes, which was a national bestseller for 14 weeks. Posthumously, the sequel, What Do You Care What Other People Think?, was also published.In 1987, Feynman was discovered to have another cancerous tumor. Although this one was also remover, it left him greatly weakened. He was admitted to a hospital again in February 1988 for a gastrointestinal ulcer, which destroyed his other kidney. Although he could have extended his lifespan by using a dialysis machine, he declined that to accept a natural death. Dr. Richard P. Feynman died on February 15, 1988.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Prohibition of Alcohol

Salvatore Norge Tim Walsh English 101-L01 3 November 2010 Arguing Positions Prohibition of intoxicant Alcohol abuse is an extremely destruction calamity, and many resolutions have developed as a result of its effects. The eighteenth amendment was ratified in 1920, and eliminating the legal use of alcohol was adopted. Also known as the prohibition of alcohol, it became effective in the get together States of America. Its intentions were to prevent the manufacture, import, export, sales, and consumption of alcohol and alcoholic beverages.After thirteen years of execution, it was repealed in 1933 due to the ratification of the twenty-first amendment. Alcohol is presently legal throughout the United States, and approximately one-hundred thousand deaths occur each year attributed to alcohol. Is prohibition the answer? Prohibition has delivered a handful of issues to the United States. Crime rates dramatically increased as groups, street gangs, and gangsters were involved in multi-mill ion dollar organizations dealing with vicious sales of alcohol.Saloons quickly evolved into areas used for illegal sales and consumption of alcohol, which were later known as speakeasies. Social problems were attributed to the prohibition era, and played a wide role with public opinion. Thing began to heat up as repeal was eagerly anticipated. Alcohol abuse is presently a serious problem in the United States. Risk and health loss is speedily increasing, and alcohol remains accessible to anyone meeting certain legal requirements. The use of alcohol is persevered throughout America, and its held accountable for a large number of problems.In 2005, at that place were 43,443 alcohol related traffic fatalities in the United States. Sixty percent of all homicides are attributed to alcohol. The abuse of alcohol affects the psychological state as well. there are more than twelve million alcoholics in the United States, and alcoholism is considered the number one drug problem in the count ry. Hundreds of thousands of family members and friends are directly bear on from this concern. Imagine the number of alcoholics that would seek help if their addictive substance was illegalized.Who would respect the prohibition of alcohol once returned? Its likely for both the law and alcohol to be abused considering another prohibition. That would cause more chaos for the country. On the other hand, alcohol isnt always necessarily being abused. Moderate alcohol drinkers tend to live long and healthy lives. A glass of wine a day may increase heart health, and alcohol doesnt cloture its benefits with the heart. A few drinks a day may lower the risk of a variety of illnesses and extend life.It seems that arguments for legalization of alcohol are holding grounds against prohibition. The controversy has allocated the country waist deep in obstacles, and who wants to obtain such a conceding way out? The authorities of the United States have appeared to reconcile against fighting the illegal use of alcohol, and have resumed all opportunity for legal access to alcohol use. Why havent controlled substances been illegalized anticipating future issues with drug wars? numbers pool dont lie, and neither does a positive attitude behind a righteous cause.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Influence of Shyness on Personal Development and Happiness Essay

I shake severe difficulty mixerizing to other(a)s They think Im unfriendly but in reality, I do want to connect to them but I dont really know how My anxiety unendingly gets in the way, thats why Im pain risey conscious around raft. These ar roughly of the thoughts sh ared by slew who are shy or those who feel uncomfortable when attention is on them because they are afraid of falling short of the standard of the superficial authority or of their perfectionist expectations on how things are supposed to be.Shyness, regarded as a personal attribute for a person, is also considered to be a psychiatric disease (Lane, 2008). This condition may digress in different degrees to what extent a person would display its symptoms, much(prenominal) as uneasiness and avoiding the things he fears to deal with. It could also be experienced in spite of appearance with come forth showing its complications to others but the one who suffers, when hiding his difficulties, could probably add w orries and problems to his psychological self. Unusual situations are the common circumstances that trigger shyness.Also, the persons purlieu may contribute to his shyness. If he is psychologically maltreated, thither is a high risk that degree of shyness and avoidance to others would increase. But, the deeper root of shyness can be explained by genetics. There has been progress in determining suspected genes involved in personality but only a little development in confirming relationships between these. A gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is examined and identified to be related with shyness (Ebstein et al. , 2003).According to WHO, embarrassment, excessive shyness, timidity, self consciousness and, complaisant-phobia and lack of potency are also symptoms of a disease called erethism. Erethism is a clinical condition in which appears in cases of mercury poisoning. Moreover, shyness is some generation inappropriately interchanged with introversion, high sensitivity, geni al phobia and social anxiety disorder but is much related to the said terms in certain cases. According to Whitten (2001), introversion is non homogeneous to shyness because introverts prefer being alone and are energized with that but they are non anxious in social situations.Un analogous with them, the shy, because they fear social encounters, thinks that he has no choice but to avoid socializing which some periods is not really where his heart at. But, there can be cases that a person would be an introvert and shy at the same time, it is when they are rattling sensitive to the social environment but it doesnt matter because they get their energy within their selves not on others. Another term, in which shyness is related, is the social anxiety disorder. Its difference with shyness is, its scope is wider and it includes panic attacks.In relation to shyness, it also brings fear, solicitude or worrying slightly being evaluated by others in social situations that causes depres sion to the sufferer. Varying degrees of shyness and as to how the shy handles his trait contributes a treat on what can be the impact of shyness on the person. It is considered harmful when it has been controlling peoples lives because it brings incessant negative evaluation of the self, excessive uneasiness and negative self-preoccupation that inhibit social corporate trust.In cases like that, the shyness is deprivationed to be cured or if not, lessened because it hinders the disposition in life of some individuals. Shy people may tend to be unfriendly because they believe they lack social skills and may resort to withdrawal from people. But essentially, they desperately valued to connect to others and wished to micturate as many friends as those people who are not shy have. The problem is they appear to be antisocial at times which they do not intend to be. Their socializing attitude might be the root of this one.Carducci (2000) observed that they expect others to get in to uch with them and drag them out of isolation. But their efforts are also needed for starting and maintaining relationship to others. Also, being fear of negative judgement and rejection, people who are shy are probable to be afraid of socializing. From this arrangement, it could only lead to individuals avoidance which causes isolation. Aside from emotional pain brought about by separation from others, this situation may hinder personal development which can be benefited through and through relation from other people.In social situations, people who are shy are control to be self-conscious and inhibited in their actions. Perfectionist standards on social performances were set and followed by these people. For example, they tend to feel responsible of the awkwardness sometimes experienced which is not their fault at all. These worries leave room for low self-esteem and shape a negative view of the self. According to Howard (1958), self-esteem contributes a lot to a persons ability in handling difficult situations because it helps in dealing with problems.It also gives confidence to a person which he leave alone need in achieving his goals. But for shy people who has a high tendency of having insecurity, instead of focusing on their strengths, their weaknesses are given more attention. Acceptance of imperfections is very hard for them, not realizing that all people have vulnerability on their own such as failures, weaknesses and anxieties. Their true capabilities were just left confined and full potentials were not maximized because they were already intimidated by anticipation of failure.Moreover, shy people blame themselves for having no sense of self-efficacy payable to low self-esteem. Howard (1958) defined self-efficacy as the flavor in self that they can achieve their desired goals. Shy people tend to criticize and evaluate themselves inferior to others. Self-doubts are then established which promotes hapless decision-making, weak judgement of things that severely affects ones life and his disposition. Zimbardo and Radl (1982) described shy people as those who tend to behave in an inhibited manner, such as speaking less of the usual, in the presence of others.They usually hold back their feelings and opinions on certain things preventing them to express themselves. Because of nothingness to say, the shy would then behave silence. McMahon and McMahon (1986) told that, silence may be perceived as an indicator you do not approve of whats going on or that you would rather be someplace else (p. 225) As a result, many people do no not understand them hale and may cost them to miss out of opportunities for social relations. Shy people struggle and find it hard to initiate and maintain conversations.Starting a chat with somebody is usually feared and avoided by a shy person because it is either he is anxious that he has nothing to say or the topic that he will put up would disinterest the other person and that the other would badly e valuate him personally. There is a tendency for the shy to choose topic of conversations that would impress the other. And in the process of overthinking only about the topic, he would forget to be attentive to the actual thing discussed by the two of them because his mind was already drifted away. Also, a shy person is scared to have conversations that suddenly drop like a dead balloon.When this would happen, he would resort to leaving the person he talks to, because he has nothing to say, thus, leaving a bad impression to the other. Shyness can be a serious threat to communication because it brings about distractibility and may interfere thinking processing which were caused by irrelevant thinking reactions which arise from being conscious from social evaluation. Merill (1965) stated that frustration can arise in cases where there is a failure in comprehending someones temporary disinterest due to certain circumstances. Also, this can hinder development of essential relationship t o others.Self- doubts will be triggered because of depressing situations like this. As a result, a person may tend to avoid this sort of encounter that will only lead to further alienation and despair. sociableness is a human affiliative need that is needed to be nourished. Socializing includes people skills which needs understanding the self and controlling our responses, communicating effectively and empathizing accurately, and nearly importantly, it provides respect, consider to relationships (Rifkin, 2009). The different benefits of social relations contribute to a healthy well-being of a person.Heider (1958, quoted in Weiss) notes that there are six basic provisions of social relations the things that are given when in a relationship (p. 232). First is the attachment, the sense of being secured and comfortable which we experience through our closest relationships. Shy people do not have an issue with this one because they reveal their true self in front of people they know a nd know them very well such as family. Another is social integration which is the sense of having shared interests and attitudes and offers companionship and sense of belongingness to society.For this, shy people find it hard or it takes time to fit into the society due to draw backs. Next is the guidance that we grasp from friends or authorities which we lean on at times when we need an advice that near of shy people are deficient to because they lack certain relations such as relation to some authorities. Sense of reliable alliance, knowing that there are people who will offer their help when emergency arises, and opportunity for nurturance, when our sense of importance and needed is shown while taking care of others, are nurtured through closest relationships.Last is reassurance of worth, it is when others let us feel being valued and looked up to as a competent person which shyness hinders a lot. look up for others and love we feel from them are the necessities for a person to grow and to have worthy and productive life. Without these, a person may suffer emotional depression. (Corey, 1986) nigh of shy people were likely to suffer social inhibition. One reason could be the lack of social skills at the beginning of interaction According to Merill (1965), only(a) people who would like to make new friends fail because they do the wrong things during the initial and critical moments.They avoid the others person gaze, they do not smile and they seem tense or preoccupied with other things. All of these discourage any comment from the other person, who does not realize that this apparent unfriendliness is due to a considerable discomfort and an inability to cope with it. (p. 104) People respond negatively to others who have undesirable anxieties and depressing behaviors which turn people away. As a result, social support needed by people with negative attitudes is inadequately given. (Plotnik, 1996) Anxiety is clearly seen on the outside.The shy, having his f ace registered blankly or anxious, or avoiding heart contact to others, can be interpreted by others as a sign of being aloof so the shy appears to be unapproachable. Plotnik (1996) says that high self-esteem, confidence and self-worth are the benefits of social support. These things promote our physical and psychological well-being. So if social support is lacked, it results to poor mental, physical and emotional health and the shy people have a disadvantage to this. Popenoe (1977) claims that the self-identity provided by social interaction helps people learn new roles in life.It also enhances our self-image which prevents loss of self-identity that may cause emotional stress. When people discover their new roles, they tend to develop their selves and aim for the best changes to make in oneself. But, due to shyness, social interaction experienced by some is very limited that the benefits like the desired change reduced also. Shy people do not want to stay disturbed by problems rel ated to shyness forever. That is why they discover or think of ways resolving the problems that are crippling them. The usual effect of the harmful shyness is mental distress in form of loneliness.According to Heider (1958), loneliness is a personal anxiety which is a result of certain lack in either social integration or attachment in relationship. In order to free themselves from these bothersome issues, certain strategies were reinforced by shy people. Unfortunately, for some, they employ ineffective and irresponsible strategies to overcome shyness. Examples of these are alcoholism and drug addiction. Reason of this undertaking is that they feel energized because they thought that it would be better to detach themselves from their true selves and be more outgoing which they thought most people prefer.According to James, lack of support from social connections and poor stress management contribute a lot to psychosocial deficit (2009). Disadvantages and problems associated from shy ness are distressing and bothersome. Shyness should not greatly affect ones life and disposition in a negative way. These should have been prevented only if shyness will be cured or if not, learn its ways and have the control of it, not the other way around. However, this is a self-inflicted issue which is just within the self. treatment for this is easy only if handled accordingly and the shy individual is properly counselled and guided by an expert.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Corporate governance ethics Essay

IntroductionEthics is one of the principles that govern the operation of corporations. It is therefore important for corporations to observe it in order to remain pertinent to the marketplace, make profits, and expand their capacity. in merged system is entitled to direct all the operations of a corporation. It is the manner in which top management directs the corporation and so the stake holders argon able to judge whether the lodge is run in ethical manner or non.This paper will cover ethical fuss that is as a result of poor somatic governance, dilemmas between stakeholders, law that applies to it and how strategies cause been laid to solve the problem. The most common problem on integrated governance that I will discuss on this paper is evasion of appraise and another(prenominal) problems that arise in the course of governing a company such as failure to integrated social responsibilities for example environmental pollutions and unfair remuneration of workers, cultu ral diversity and poor property goods. These problems occur because of deprivation of ethical responsibility of top management when governing a corporation.Ethics on collective governanceWhen an entrepreneur develops a chore idea, his main intention is that the billet organisation will be able to succeed through with(predicate) making a lot of profits. To ensure that a business idea succeeds and it is able to hark back a lot of profits, entrepreneurs recruit the best management who will be able to steer his idea forward in line with ethical practises of the business industry (Arjoon, 2005).If the idea succeeds, the business expands and grows to large corporations that can run in a wide geographical location and even in the international market. At this level, management incur complex and the company adapts varied levels of management which direct the operations of the company and control everything that is undertaken in the company. At this point, the company must invite a governing remains that manage the overall company practises. This is where the bodied governance is important so that the company is able to distribute all its responsibilities to different stakeholders such as managers, board of governors, suppliers, customers, creditors, auditor and share holders (Arjoon, 2005).In order to be able to control and direct all the stakeholders, ethics must be gamely upheld in corporate governance. This will ensure that any decision making process involves all the stakeholders for ethical practises and that ethics are considered when delegating duties to each(prenominal) stakeholders to avoid conflicts and other mismanagement problems that may affect the company implementation. Failure to ethical corporate governance perhaps is one of the greatest sources of many surprising losings to corporations.Ethics excessively ensures that a business is able to follow e right counsel to do businesses without exploiting other businesses or populations i n is environments. In todays competitive markets and business environment, a reputation of a business cultivates an important role as its marketing strategy through charitable stakeholders such as customers and creditors, which are integral give away of business success. The stakeholders expect that business operations are steered in accordance to the best corporate governance whereby the top management bear the total responsibility. Therefore, corporate governance is the integral erupt of business success and so ethical values should be lead off of it.Not only should be the decision making process and policy formulation that should involve ethics in corporate governance, but also the way the top management be get hold ofs and carry themselves when executing their duties. In every business, the conduct of employees and its reputation are highly influenced by the leadership of the company. If the leaders show high professionalism such as integrity and transparency in work place the employees also try to copy them, which contribute to improved performance of the business and defy its good reputation in the market (Arjoon, 2005).Today, most corporations are failing in their management due to failure to consider ethics when making major decisions, directing or controlling their activities. These failures are blamed on poor corporate governance that does not follow moral values of the company and stakeholders. For example, a number of corporations nominate been give tongue to to evade taxes, mistreat their workers by abideing them unfair remunerations, producing inferior or substandard attribute goods in the market and exploiting communities and other small companies in order to make profits. These practises are considered unethical traits of incompetent corporate governing and see led many corporations to trouble resulting to under performance or even prosecution.Many corporations carry out underground businesses with the aim to avoid part of their l icit responsibility to pay taxes and other licences fees that are part of legal requirements. Although this is an ethical responsibility for any profit making company, it is be advent a major problem in business industry.According to Ftima, & Abreu, (2013) tax evasion is violation of moral values and norms (ethics) for financial and administrative behaviours that govern operations of a business. This has led to the he global business regulatory bodies such as world trade organizations and other corporate bodies to come up policies and rules that govern the operations of business so as to ensure that all the operating business operates in an ethical manner that is acceptable by all stakeholders.For this reasons policies have been developed, which acknowledge the responsibility of any business or corporate body to pay taxes and meet all other legal requirement of the state in which it operates all its businesses. For example, United States have developed laws such as unkn give accoun t tax compliance act, which ensures all financial organizations are able to pay their respective taxes. Therefore it is the responsibility of any management or corporate governing body to ensure that it meets the requirements of the government where it operates its business as part of the right way (ethical) to carry its business. By this way, business corporate governance it verbalise to be observing ethical practises.Most governments have lost billions of money through tax evasion. For example United States exempt corporations with subsidiary branches in orthogonal countries from tax. This has led to many corporations exploiting the opportunity in an illegal and unethical manner. Countries register their corporations as subsidiary branches in order to evade tax.Google and Apple have been the upstart companies that have been discovered to have evaded a lot of taxes for United States. For example Apple is said to have avoided tax on $ 74 billion that it earn as profits between y ears 2009 and 2012 and Starbucks was accused for evading taxes in United Kingdom (UK) for trinity years in December 2012 (Evans, 2014).Although it is ethical for companies to pay taxes to their own government and foreign states where they operate, US 2004 law on corporation tax has encourage many companies to take part of unethical corporate governance (Mider, 2014). In addition, US have laws that allow it to penalize companies and corporate managements who avoid tax havens but this has not worked out. Therefore, it can be concluded that poor and unethical corporate governance has led to evasion of taxes for many corporations and small businesses across the world despite laws and policies that mandate them inn paying their taxes in honesty (Otusanya, Lauwo, & Ajibolade, 2013).The issue on tax payment on many corporations have been one of the main ethical dilemmas with most companies putting pressure on their chief executive officers (CEOs) not pay taxes while workers and general pu blic demonstrate and condemn corporations that evade their taxes. For example public and workers demonstrated against Starbucks coffee Company in 2012 for evasion of taxes for three years in UK. Most of these dilemmas are cited on the ambiguous US laws on corporations operating in foreign countries.Most of the dilemmas have been taken to courts and regulation bodies for solutions. For example, Apple CEOs were taken stood before US senate to answer against evasion of $ 74 billion profits taxes (Evans, 2014). Other solutions have been obtained through agitation of public through mass demonstrations and condemnation of the corporations. This has seen some of the companies start paying taxes. Other dilemmas are being solved by perfection of tax payment laws so as to fill the loopholes that the corporations are taking advantage of in order to avoid their legal rights to pay taxes. US senate and other political leaders are coming up with legislations that ban corporations from avoiding t ax.It has been a great problem for many corporations to carry out their operations in line with the communities living around the corporations through corporate social responsibilities (Nakano, 2007). For example, United Nations have published business reference guide for business on the rights of indigenous people in the environment that a business is established.Many corporations are the largest source of pollution and exploitation of resources in places where they operate without benefiting the communities living there. Therefore, global regulatory bodies require every business to participate in corporate social responsibilities. A good corporate governance ensures that it participate in projects that improve the lives of the communities living in its environments (Arjoon, 2005). It is the mandate of management to see that the communities are able to benefit with the employments opportunities, social responsibilities such as funding their projects, and protecting their environmen t.A company or a business that tend to avoid these responsibilities is said to be operating in unethical way and may be summoned by the international business regulatory bodies for exploiting the communities. Therefore it is ethical for every business to work in close consultations with the communities that form part of its stakeholders. On the other hand, a company that denies the communities employment opportunities does not participate on its social projects and play a major role in pollution of its environment is said to be operating in an unethical manner. This may provoke the regulatory bodies or even the government resulting in confiscation of its properties and cancelling of its licence. This is a blame on corporate governance as it is the top management that is held responsible for unethical operations.It is also the responsibility of top management to ensure that all employees, customers and other stakeholders are accorded equal respect. This will ensure that the corporati on is able to carry all its responsibilities in consultation with all stakeholders, which is the ethical requirement of every business that is in operations and be able to offer competitive remunerations that meet the international excavate laws (Pollack, 2011). However, most corporations exploit their worker paying them substandard wages in order to maximize their profits. This is against labour laws of many countries and industrial organizations. Therefore, it is unethical for company to pay substandard wages as that is not the right way or requirement in business industry.Most multinational corporations have suffered big losses through poor corporate governance that does not consider its ethical responsibility in protecting the environment and communities living in their vicinity of operations. A recent example is Yaiguaje versus Chevron environmental dispute where the Ecuadorian plaintiff was awarded $ 9.5 billion. This was a big loss to the multinational corporation.Various st ates and international business organizations have also put up punitive measures that have seen many corporations incur a lot of losses but in the long run controlled from their unethical governance. In addition, European commission and European councils have enacted laws and policies that require companies affiliated to the commissions to give annual reports of their social responsibilities to the communities. This was aimed to reduce the number of companies that are exploiting communities and taking part in environmental pollution that is causing world a lot of money. This also defines what is right way for corporations to govern their operations. Therefore, corporate social responsibility has become an ethical requirement of every company or business in operation. Other legal requirements for companies include international criminal law, corporate governance, and labour standards (Tully, 2012).In addition, it has been a challenge for many corporations to work in a multi-cultural society. Most business environment comprise of diverse people. A company is mandated to cope up with these challenges by providing a favourable environment that harmonises all employees and customers to share same goal and mission of the company to help in propelling growth of the company. around of the corporations have been accused of employing people on the basis of races and ethnic groups. This has led to dilemmas between corporations and communities, who are part of the company as they form part of the market. However, international labour organizations and world trade organization and various governments have enacted laws to ensure balanced employment and equal treatments of communities. For example, United States and other countries in America have enacted laws that advocate for multiculturalism. For example, Canadian Multicultural Act of 1988 allows equal rights for all citizens despite their ethnic or racial background. This has led to many companies in the country to be ab le to address multicultural issues and thus effectively working in a diverse environment.There has been dilemma between corporate, management and stakeholders such as employees, customers, and communities, which has led to unceasing conflicts and demonstrations agitating for corporations to carry out their operations in ethical manner that respect the rights of the people living within their environments. For example, Shell a royal Dutch petroleum operating in Niger Delta has been accused of polluting the environment and displacing the communities living there by drilling oil reserves. This has affected agriculture in the location, causing problem to more than 27 million people living in the region (Global Exchange, 2014). This has led to demonstrations and continued litigations although with no much success.Coca pot Company has also received objection in India for its increased drainage of water to communities around the company affecting their agricultural farming that has result ed in many deaths of farmers due to poor crop harvest. This has led to communities through their councils of elders rejecting the companys plan to expand its boundaries (India Resource Centre, 2013).Political leaders have played major roles in solving these conflicts through enacting laws that confine corporations to protecting environmental and the communities. Other organizations such as international labour organizations (ILO) have enacted laws and policies that protect employees and define how they should be remunerated. This has led to decreased conflicts and dilemma between communities and employees.Increased cometition and cost of production have led to many businesses producing substandard goods that are low in quality without the knowledge of consumers. This has been a means of lowering production cost at the expense of consumers rights. This has led to formation of international standard organizations, which measure and accredit companies that cause quality goods. In addi tion, global consumers rights movements have also being formed to agitate for quality goods.However, many companies still produce inferior and goods of poor quality. This is unethical and blame is laid on the top managements of the companies as it the one that is responsible and part of corporate governance as they are aware of the set policies and requirements for quality products and thus it is unethical to release low quality goods to the market.Therefore, it is ethical for companies to produce high quality goods (Fernando, 2009). This has led to increased dilemma between management and customers who have gone to the extent of mass actions advocating for quality products sand some of the corporations being banned from markets where they supply low quality goods. For example Russia banned Ukraine Roshen Corporation from its market arguing of unsatisfying packages and labels that could not meet Russian standards in July 2003 (Roshen, 2014). Russia also argued that the ingredients t hat Roshen was using was not meeting the standards for confectionary companies thus its (Roshen) products posed a threat to its (Russia) citizen. terminusCorporate governance involves directing and controlling all operations of a corporation. Therefore, all unethical issues are as a result of incompetent corporate governance. Most ethical problems associated by poor corporate governance include evasion of taxes, not meeting their corporate social responsibilities such as environmental protection and unfair wages to employees and production of poor quality goods to maximise their profits. The problems have led to a dilemma between the corporations and stakeholders resulting in mass actions and cases that have caused corporations a lot of money. Political leaders through legal forums such as senate have enacted laws that have directed corporation thus bringing solutions to these dilemmas.ReferencesArjoon, S. (2005). Corporate governance An ethical perspective. Journal Of origin Ethic s, 61 (4), pp. 343352.Evans, P. (2014, January 31). Corporate tax evasion crackdown more bark than bite. CBS.Ftima, D., & Abreu R. (2013). Tax evasion. Encyclopedia of Corporate amicable Responsibility. pp. 2497-2503Fernando, A. C. (2009). Business ethics an Indian perspective. Prentice Hall.Global Exchange (2014). Global exchange top ten corporate criminals list Global Exchange. online Retrieved from http//www.globalexchange.org/corporateHRviolatorsShell Accessed 9 Apr 2014.India Resource Centre (2013). Village Councils Reject Coca-Cola Plans, Opposition Grows. Indian Resource Centre online Retrieved from http//www.indiaresource.org/news/2013/1008.html Accessed 9 Apr 2014.Mider Z., R. (2014, January 7). Companies fleeing taxes pay CEOs extra as law backfires. Business weekNakano, C. (2007). The significance and limitations of corporate governance from the perspective of business ethics towards the creation of an ethical organizational culture. Asian Business & Management, 6 (2), pp. 163178.Otusanya, O. J., Lauwo, S., & Ajibolade, S. O. (2013). An investigation of corporate executive fraud by CEOs in the Nigerian banking sector. African Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 2(1), 65-89.Pollack, D. (2011). International legal note salaries of CEOs of international NGOs Ensuring fair compensation while avoiding democrat rage. International Social Work, 54 (4), pp. 599-604.Roshen (2014). ROSHEN Confectionery Corporation statement about the situation at its enterprises in Russia Confectionery Corporation Roshen.Tully, S. (2012). International corporate legal responsibility. Alphen aan den Rijn Kluwer Law International.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Glass Ceiling Topic

INTRODUCTION The interrogation team has selected the topic of grouch crown survive for the seek project. It has been observed that during the destination few years a lot of women are going in management field of run into but non a lot of them are getting an opportunity to get into the top management positions. This has got nonhing to do with their abilities and dedication to their work, it is clear that crosspatch cap is affecting and fillet the women from reaching the top management positions.The problem of glass ceiling persists in the other countries of the world as is clear from the previous researches but this problem is more(prenominal) evident in Pakistan. This is because despite the boom in education sector, the society still re master(prenominal)s conservative and negative feelings and stereotypes do exist against women employees. As a result of the glass ceiling, the carrying out of women employees is to a fault being impact. This is a cause of concern and it is happening because women managing directors feel that they are not being treated equally.They transgress the feelings that their efforts are not being properly rewarded. Due to the presence of pre-defined rules and regulation for promotions women working in public sector are not being affected a great deal by glass ceiling. Thus it is the closed-door sector where the women are facing glass ceiling the most. The significance of this study is that the research team looked into the main problems which are prohibiting the women from going into the top management positions. By identifying the factors causing the problems, the team will be able to judge the reasons and help prohibit them.It is important to look in the organizational factors that would help the women to reach to top management positions as early as they deserve. This study is an effort to not lonesome(prenominal) identify the factors responsible for affecting the process of women managers through glass ceiling but also to give solutions to over come from this problems. LITERATURE REVIEW The edge glass ceiling refers to the transparent but real and strong barrier which prevents women from moving up in the management hierarchy in an organization (Morrison & Glinow, 1990).The nonage of women in senior management has led many researchers to investigate whether glass ceiling barriers such as sexual discrimination, sexual practice wage gap, sexual activity stereotype, molestation and lack of family-friendly work regulate policies in the organizations are at play and how these barriers affect the slaying of distaff employees in the organizations (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002). The existence of glass ceiling in antithetic organizations, cultures and eon span has been sustain by many researchers.In 1997, Tokunaga & graham flour looked at employees in the technical division at one large stack 500 corporation and found that womanly person engineers could not advance as far up the corpo mark hie rarchy as did the virile engineers, on that pointby providing certainty for the existence of a glass ceiling against women. A research conducted by Veale & Gold (1998) in Metropolitan District Council situated in Yorkshire, UK also confirmed that a glass ceiling did exist within the council and this inhibited womens progression into senior management.This existence of a strong glass ceiling magnetic core prevents women to progress in the organizations. A study controlled for previous job experience, education, age, tenure, initial job level and gender come oned that even levels of promotions existed for men and women. However, qualitative info showed that women were diligent by the organization at a level that was lower than their qualifications, or lower than men doing the identical job. Therefore, even with equal rates of promotion, women will not progress as far as men (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002). There a number of factors that keeps the glass ceiling in exertion.One of t hem is the gender stereotype. Over the last three decades, Schein (2007) found that gender stereotyping of the managerial position has continue to be the major barrier to womens progress in management, worldwide. He also shown that on international level, the view of women as less likely than men to possess requisite management characteristics is a normally held belief among antheral management students in the USA, the UK, Germany, China and Japan. Apart from gender stereotyping, gender wage gap also plays its intention in the organizations.Across a sample of eleven atomic number 63an amalgamation countries in 19952001 Booth & Bryan (2007) found that women were paid less than men and this wage gap typically widened toward the top of the wage distribution (the glass ceiling effect), and in a few cases it also widened at the bottom (the sticky floor effect). In recent studies of promotion to partner process, Kumra & Vinnicombe (2008) concluded that the disadvantages women face in o rganizations in relation to the promotion to partner process arise from a combination of firm-based and societal based factors.Discussing the relationship between discrimination, harassment and glass ceiling (Bell, McLaughlin & Sequeira, 2002), glass ceiling was referred as one of the form of sex discrimination. In the study it was concluded that because all three have some common antecedents, steps to go down one of them will likely affect the others. Apart from that they suggested that stripes designed to increase numbers of women in higher level positions will reduce sexual harassment. As a result of this glass ceiling there is an inclination of women to entrepreneurship as a result of barriers to womens advancements in corporation (Mattis, 2004).Mattis showed that lack of flexibility continued to be a feature of the corporate culture that lead to the attrition of high potential women and contributed to the dramatic increase in entrepreneurship among women in the US Glass ceil ing affects the public presentation of women at managerial posts. Some of the masculine organizational barriers that severely hinder womens ability to be effective in their role as strategic decision makers include reluctance of male subordinates towards womanish managers isolation by male colleagues exclusion from male-dominated informal ne devilrks and the lack of mentorship (Okanlawon, 1994).Exploration of a model of decision making (Large & Saunders, 1995) explains how a combination of both individual choices (employees own intuitions, requirements and priorities like family, social life) and organizational blockages (organizational structure, policies and culture) maintains the glass ceiling. Gender related attributes also play their role. An appropriate theoretical foundation for explaining differences between male and pistillate service providers originates in the sociology literature and is referred to as feminist theory. This theory proffers two perspectives regarding gender-related differences in execution of instrument.One argues that there are a wide variety of issues that are impacted by societys attitudes towards women (Hooks, 2000). These attitudes are based in the memorial and institutional structure of society. As a result, women are treated differently than men, so that the performance of businesses owned by women suffers. Another stream of literature argues that there are innate differences between male and female approaches to issues. These differences lead women to take different actions than males in similar situations (Buttner, 2001 Fletcher, 1998).There is an alternative theoretical perspective that would not accept the arguments advanced by feminist theory. The foundation for most of this research is the rational economic model (Ferber & Nelson, 1993). This theory argues that individuals make rational economic choices and adjudicate to maximize economic benefit to themselves or the firm. Most of these models assume that custom ers are economically rational and will make their choices based on the benefits gained from the transaction, and not the gender of the service provider.Prior research on whether gender as an impact on the financial performance of professional service providers has not provided clear insights on whether feminist theory or the rational economic model is more valid. Some researchers find that women get lower financial performance than men (Hisrich & Brush, 1984 Loscocco, Robinson, Hall, & Allen, 1991 Lustgarten, 1995 Chaganti & Prasuraman, 1997 Fasci & Valdez, 1998), plot others argue that there is no performance difference between male & female owned enterprises (Fischer, Reuber & Dyke, 1993 Kalleberg & Leicht, 1991).Davidson & Cooper (1983) found that managerial women experience greater descriptor and feel more isolated at work than males which in turn affect their performance. There is gender difference in lead because of negative perception and evaluation of women in leadership (Stelter 2002). Sex role orientation and the stereotype of manager role as masculine construct, along with lack of career grooming among women are predominant theme that explains why so few women progress to leadership position (Chugh & Sehgal 2007).Women are not advancing in work place because they did not receive training to perform job moreover manager do not appreciate achievements of their women employee as compare to men (Asplund 1988). RESEARCH mind How glass ceiling affect the job performance of managerial women? THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There are three variables which are under study. Job performance is dependent variable and it is the variable of primary interest and changes or variations in job performance will be explained by two independent variables (1) gender stereotyping (2) cooperation among colleagues.Gender stereotyping has negative relation with job performance i. e. if there is less gender stereotyping among the members of organization because greater will be t he job performance. Cooperation has despotic relation with job performance i. e. if there is more cooperation among the employees the greater will be the job performance. Review of past researches shows if there is gender stereotyping female manager can not get the equal opportunities, males are only favoring the males so ultimately it affect the job performance of female employees thats why there is a negative relation between job performance and gender stereotype.Past researches also shows that the cooperation plays a very important role in change magnitude the job performance because if there is a cooperation among employees then they can motivate each other and it leads towards increase in job performance. Independent Variable helpless variable pic Independent Variable HYPOTHESES ? If cooperation among the colleagues at work place is increased then the job performance of managerial women will be increased. ? If gender stereotyping is bring down at work place then the job per formance of managerial women will be increased. METHODOLOGYStudy design In this cross-sectional co-relational field study data on two independent variables (gender stereotype, cooperation among colleagues) and dependent variable(job performance) were collected from both males and females at management level working in private organizations( PIFRA(Project to alter Financial Reporting and Auditing) World bank, Ittehad airlines,IBM Pakistan) in Islamabad through personally administered questionnaires. Population and Sample Population for the study comprised all men and women at managerial level working in private organizations in Islamabad.Quota sampling method was utilize to draw sample out of population because it was deemed fit by the researchers on the basis of cost and time considerations. Subjects were chosen in predetermined numbers. The total sample size was n=34 which comprised 14 (41. 2%) males and 20(58. 8%) females. 40 questionnaires were given over to both gender and th ey all were received back within a time period of 2 weeks, resulting in 100% response rate because questionnaires were personally administered and researchers clarify research topic, doubts and assist some of the respondents in understanding some questions.The units of analysis were individuals who responded to the survey. Out of females 8 (40 %) were at low and 12 (60 %) were at middle level management. Out of males 8 (57. 1 %) were at low and 6 (42. 9 %) were at middle level management. During data filtration patterns were observed in 6 out of 40 questionnaires of which 3 were filled by males and rest by females, such questionnaires were set a side and remaining 34 were used for analysis. 7 questionnaires include missing peaks ranging from 1 to 2 so middle value on the interval scale i. e. 3(unsure) was assigned to them.Variables and Measures Questionnaires include two demographic variables (gender & managerial level), they were tapped by direct single questions. ? Job performanc e This dependent variable indicates the extent to which employees of the organization are expected to acquire job knowledge, achieve assigned goals and maintain better work related relations with members of organization at workplace. Researchers develop 5 point interval scale containing 6 items to measure the relationship of this variable with cooperation among colleagues (independent variable).An example item is A friendly atmosphere among colleagues at work place leads to better job performance Reliability of these items go over via SPSS software product gave alpha= . 56 Means reliable. Researchers used 8 items scale to measure the relationship of job performance with gender stereotype (independent variable). An example item is I feel additional pressure to perform because I am women. Reliability of these items checked via SPSS SOFTWARE gave alpha= . 6334 ? Gender stereotype Stereotypes of men and women commonly reflect the distinction made in implicit personality theory between agency and communion (e. . , Rosenberg, Nelson, & Vivekananthan, 1968). This independent variable was mensurable using 5 point interval scale containing 14 items. An example item is a womans place is in home Reliability of these items checked via SPSS SOFTWARE gave alpha= . 636 ? Cooperation among colleagues cooperation is a process by which individuals, groups and organizations come together, interact and form psychological relationships for mutual gain or benefit (Smith et al. , 1995). This independent variable was measured using 5 point interval scale containing 10 items.An example item is open communication of relevant information occurs between male and female colleagues Reliability of these items checked via SPSS SOFTWARE gave alpha= . 634 Data collection method Data was collected through personally administered questionnaires because the survey was confined to local subject area i. e. Islamabad. Moreover, this method was deemed fit in Pakistan as compared to mailed and elect ronic questionnaires. Method of personally administered questionnaires was adopted to introduce research topic, clarify doubts of respondents and collect all the faultless responses within a short span of time.All questionnaires were received back within 2 weeks. 5 point interval scale was used for data collection containing range from powerfully disagree to strongly agree RESULTS In order to test the formulated hypotheses, statistical analysis of the responses of the questionnaires was done. The reliability of the four scales is given below Reliability of Cooperation among colleagues (CAC) scale flurry 1 important Reliability Coefficient of CAC for the Main Study (N=34) Scale zero(prenominal) of items Alpha coefficient CAC 10 0. 34 dishearten 1 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 634) for the CAC scale. The results in table 1 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. Reliability of Gender stereotyping (GS) scale Table 2 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of SRS for the Main Study (N=34) Scale No. of items Alpha coefficient GS 14 0. 636 Table 2 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 636) for the SRS scale. The results in table 2 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. Reliability of Cooperation effect on Performance (CEP) scaleTable 3 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of CEP for the Main Study (N=34) Scale No. of items Alpha coefficient CEP 6 0. 56 Table 3 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 56) for the PER scale. The results in table 3 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. Reliability of Stereotyping effect on Performance (SEP) scale Table 4 Alpha Reliability Coefficient of SEP for the Main Study (N=34) Scale No. of items Alpha coefficientSEP 6 0. 633 Table 4 shows the alpha reliability (r=0. 633) for the PER scale. The results in table 4 show that scale has satisfactory reliability. The results are organized under five main headings 1) Cooperation among colleagues 2) Sex-role stereotype 3) Perception slightly female managers 4) Effect of cooperation on performance of female managers 5) Effect of stereotyping on performance of female managers Cooperation among colleagues Table 5 GenderMeanNSD young-begetting(prenominal) 3. 45140. 63 Female 3. 39200. 43 name Scale strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5)The male respondents think that cooperation does exist in private organizations among male and female colleagues (3. 45). Female respondents also think that cooperation exist between male and female colleagues (3. 39). Sex-role stereotype Table 6 GenderMeanNSD Male 3. 10140. 92 Female 2. 76200. 813 Note Scale strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) Sex role stereotyping does exist in male respondents but its very less (3. 1). However it does not exist in female respondents (2. 76). Perception about female managers Table 7 GenderMeanNSD Male 2. 67140. 83 Female 3. 51200. 51Note Scale strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5) The male respondents do not think that female managers have to be more fitted than males and behav e in a typically masculine way in order to be noticed and promoted (2. 67). However female respondents think that they are required to be more competent in order to be taken seriously (3. 39). Effect of cooperation on performance of female managers Table 8 Correlation between Cooperation among colleagues and performance of female managers (N=34) Correlation r Correlation between . 286 cooperation among colleagues nd performance of female managers ____________________________________________________________ ____________ p=0. 101 Table 8 shows that the surmisal assuming that there is a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and performance of female managers is accepted as there is non-significant relationship between these two. Results indicate a wearied relationship between cooperation among colleagues and performance of female managers. Results also show that only 8% of job performance of female managers is affected by cooperation among colleagues. Effect of stereotypi ng on performance of female managersTable 9 Correlation between stereotyping and performance of female managers (N=34) Correlation r Correlation between . 117 stereotyping and performance of female managers ____________________________________________________________ ____________ p=0. 510 Table 9 shows that the hypothesis assuming that there is a relationship between stereotyping and performance of female managers is rejected as there is non-significant relationship between these two. Results indicate a weak relationship between stereotyping and performance of female managers.Results also show that only 1% of job performance of female managers is affected by stereotyping. DISCUSSION The subroutine of this study was to see the level of cooperation among colleagues and the gender stereotyping in private organizations and then to determine the impact of these two on the performance of female managers in the private organizations. The statistical analysis of the data acquired from the filled questionnaires revealed that both male and female managers at the low and middle level of organization think that there exists a friendly atmosphere among male and female colleagues at work place.They help each other in time of need and in performing work related tasks. Though both male and female agree that cooperation does exist but the interesting finding is that male employees perceive that there is cooperation among colleagues more then female employees do. Another interesting finding is that male employees think that a womans place is in home and they are not desirable for work outside of the home. According to their point of view traditional husband/wife roles are the best and that it is the job of women to manage the home and men to go out to work. Also, they think that women lack the skills and abilities needed at work.This finding is supported by a study conducted by Schein (2007) who found that on international level, the view of women as less likely than men to p ossess requisite management characteristics is a commonly held belief among male management students in the USA, the UK, Germany, China and Japan. However, female employees do not think that women lack the managerial skills and that they are not suited for work outside the home. Female employees think that compared to male managers, female managers essential continually prove themselves in order to be taken seriously and get promoted.Whereas male managers think that male and female managers are treated equally and in the same fashion as those of male managers. These results are supported by (Jeavons & Sevastos, 2002) who found out that the existence of a strong glass ceiling effect prevents women to progress in the organizations. The researchers also showed that women were employed by the organization at a level that was lower than their qualifications, or lower than men doing the same job It was hypothesized that if the cooperation among colleagues is increased then the performanc e of female managers will be enhanced.The study results show that there exist a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and the performance of female managers. So the study results show that if the cooperation among colleagues is increased there will be an improvement in the performance of female managers. This finding is also proved by a previous study conducted by (Okanlawon, 1994) that glass ceiling affects the performance of women at managerial posts and a friendly atmosphere among male and female colleagues contributes in the better and meliorate performance of female managers.Another hypothesis that was formulated was that the reduction in gender stereotyping will result in an improved performance of female managers. This hypothesis has been proved wrong. The study shows that there is a very weak relationship between stereotyping and the performance of female managers. Also these two are weakly correlated in a positive way. The conclusion drawn is that in the priva te organizations of Pakistan, female employees do not bother about what male think of females as managers.Female managers do not feel discouraged due to stereotyping. Their work activities, abilities and morale is not affected by the stereotyping of male colleagues. CONCLUSION The study aimed at finding either male and female colleagues in organizations cooperate with each other and either gender stereotyping exists among male and female managers. The findings show that both male and female employees at managerial posts of private organizations agree that cooperation does exist but the degree of agreement is higher in male then in female managers.The study was also aimed to see if there exist a relationship between cooperation among colleagues and job performance of female managers. A moderate relationship does exist between cooperation and female managers job performance. Hence if the level of comfort and cooperation among male and female colleagues at work is enhanced, female mana gers performance will improve. It is evident from the findings of the study that female managers performance is not affected by the gender stereotyping of their male peers. RECOMMENDATIONSSince it has been found that a friendly atmosphere among male and female employees at workplace plays a vital role in the better performance of female managers, the private organizations in Pakistan should figure out ways and make policies to make sure that female employees feel at ease with their male peers and both male and female employees work together and coordinate with each other in order to enhance employees performance. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH The generalizability of the results of this study is low since a non-probability sampling technique was used due to lack of time and resources.The sample size is also very small (n=34) which is not suitable for such kind of research. For future research, work which look more directly at these issues taking a larger sample size will be encour aged. Also it is required to see that though gender stereotyping is not affecting the performance of female managers but it is probable that gender stereotyping that is being found in Pakistani organization might be affecting the hiring or/and promotion measure of female managers. REFERENCES Virginia E. Schein (2007). Women in management reflections and projections. Women in Management Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 6-18. Camilla Veale, & Jeff Gold (1998). Smashing into the glass ceiling for women managers. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 17-26. Author, Howard Tokunaga & Tracy Graham (1997). The glass ceiling On-line Avaialble http//www. Simone Jeavons, & Peter Sevastos (2002). Glass Ceiling Effect or Sticky Floors? On- line Avaialble http//www. Wiji Arulampalam, Alison L. Booth, & Mark L. Bryan (2007). Is There A Glass Ceiling Over Europe? Exploring The Gender Pay Gap Across The Wage Distribution. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 60, No. 2. Myrtle P.Bel l, Mary E. McLaughlin, & Jennifer M. Sequeira (2002). Discrimination, Harassment, and the Glass Ceiling Women Executives as turn Agents. Journal of Business Ethics, 37, 6576. Savita Kumra & Susan Vinnicombe (2008). A Study of the Promotion to Partner Process in a Professional Services Firm How Women are Disadvantaged. British Journal of Management, Vol. 19, S65S74. Mary C. Mattis (2004). Women entrepreneurs out from under the glass ceiling. Women in Management Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 154-163. Martin Large & Mark N. K. Saunders (1995). A decision-making model for analyzing ow the glass ceiling is hold unblocking equal promotion opportunities. The International Journal of Career Management, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 2128 Gus Okanlawon (1994). Women as Strategic Decision Makers A Reflection on organizational Barriers. Women in Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 25-32 Fletcher, J. 1998. Relational practice A feminist Reconstruction of work. Journal of Management Inquiry, 7(2) 163-186. Buttner, E. H. 2001. Examining female entrepreneurs management style An activity of a relational frame, Journal of Business Ethics, 29 253-269. Hisrich, R. D. , & Brush, C.G. 1984. The women entrepreneur Implications of family, educational and occupational experience. Journal of Small Business Management, 22(1), 30-37. Loscocco, K. A. , Robinson, J. , Hall, R. H. , & Allen, J. K. 1991. Gender and small business An examination into womens relative disadvantage. Social Forces 70, 65-85. Fasci, M. and Valdez, J. 1998. A performance contrast of male- and female-owned small accounting practices. Journal of Small Business Management, Fischer, E. M. , Reuber, A. R. , & Dyke, L. S. 1993. A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender and entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing, 8, 151-168. Davidson, M. & Cooper, C. (1983). Stress and the Women Manager. Nicole, Z. S. 2002. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP. Journal of leadership and organizational studies. Chugh, s. & sahgal, P. (2007) . why do few womens advance to leadership position. Global business review 2007. Asplund, G. (1988). Women managersChanging organizational cultures, Morrison, A. M. and M. A. Von Glinow (1990). women and minorities in management, American Psychologist, 45 , pp. 200-208. Gender Stereotyping Cooperation among colleagues Job Performance

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Melting Point Lab OC

The bobactive of the Melting Point Lab was to learn the technique of warming lay determination. Also, to discover the identity of an inscrutable compound from using the mixed melting point method. Introduction The cranial orbit of temperatures between the temperature at which the starting time quartz glass Just stats to melt and the temperature at which the last crystal disappears Is known as a melting point. There are two many reasons that melting points provided us. The first purpose is to regulate the purity off meaning.And the second purpose is to determine the identity off material. Melting points are frequently used to register f the correct compound has been acquired. When performed correctly, the precision of any melting point should be +ICC when related to the literature values allowing for variations In the PM due to experimental error. A mixed compound can also be supported. A mixed melting point is genius were a compound is mixed with additional substance and th e PM determined. If the samples melt at the same time, contributeing that the samples are identical.However, if the samples are not the same, the mixture will melt below the +30 C allowed error range and over a wider range (greater than 30 C). This Is the technique that Is used o determine the hidden compound in this laboratory While performing this lab, there are two principle sources of experimental error in determining melting points. Thermometer error is one, and this is a source of error one cannot control. As a result, this is not usually worried about. Human error is the other error than can happen.Human error Is mostly mechanical error that is direct result of how one does things. An error specific to the Melting Point Lab Is the packing of the capillary organ pipe. If too a lot solid Is placed In the tube, It will take a very long time to melt, resulting in higher temperatures recorded. Leading one to false range, as a result lead one to the foolish conclusion about t he melting point and purity. The second source of mechanical error that can be seen in this laboratory is rate heating. If too much heat Is applied, the mercury rises quickly, again giving a false range.Set the Mel-Temp to heat up to a temperature below the melting points of both compounds and to heat up at what ever interval works best for the experiment (60 degrees C) and an interval of 10 degrees a minute was recommended) D. Once the Mel-Temp has reached the temperature you set place the tube containing the vanilla in the middle slot of the machine E. Record the temperature at the first sight of liquid and again when the compound is completely melted F. Repeat the same mathematical operation for the aspirin and the 5050 mix Ill.Procedure of Part Two A. Obtain an unknown substance (substance B) B. Pack a capillary tube with the unknown substance and place it in the Mel-Temp machine. Following the same procedure as you did with the vanilla, aspirin, and 5050 mix recording the temp erature at the first appearance of liquid and one time the compound has completely melted C. Once the melting point has been found (114 degrees C), refer to the chart provided in the lab manual to see what the possibilities or the unknown compound are (Actinide or Fluorine) D.Choose one of the possible compounds to repeat the experiment with the chosen compound and a 5050 mix of the known and unknown (Fluorine) E. If the melting point of all three tubes is the same you chose the correct compound, if the melting point was significantly lower it was the other compound that was listed as an option Results and consequence The substance we obtained was Unknown B. After packing a melting point tube with Unknown B, we determined the melting point by placing the capillary tube in the Mel-Temp. Unknown Bis melting point was 114 C.From the list of possible unknown compounds, we looked at the initial melting point, which was 114 C and choose to mix it with Fluorine, whose melting point was a lso 114 C. After performing a 5050 mixture of the unknown and known compounds, we were able to define that unknown B was Actinide. We were able to establish this because after mixing the unknown and the known, the melting point was lower, 98 C. Since the melting point was lower, we were able to conclude that two compounds were mixed as a result unknown B was Actinide.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

How does Steinbeck present three characters who are outsiders? Essay

The novel Of Mice and man wrote by Steinbeck. Steinbeck in 1930s he trying to say how was 1930s in the the States .In 1930s John Steinbeck is trying to explain how people were migrating from confide to place. The reason why people migrated was because people need money as a resolvent of economic depression. Just for that reason the people are moving to a nonher place to fix money. Can you imagine every time you migrating to place to place .The novel is full outsiders .What is an outsider? An outsider is when somebody who is excluded from the community for a reason or for reasons.The reason why this so signifi groundworkt is because in those days there was great amount of depression, massive unemployment and migrant workers. At that time whizship was the only key to get people together or love each other. This is same situation we withdraw in this novel which includes everything I have already mentioned.Firstly example curleys wife is an outsider from novel. Stein Beck shows tha t by not giving her a name. He shows in this 1930s America women did not have their own identify .if they have not got an identify they cannot get a name .In 1903s women were used, only for cooking , house work and many other horrible things .. When she talks to crooks she is saying I could get you strung up on a tree so it easy it aint even funny in sentence we can fulfil curleys wife is racist to crooks because crooks is black thats right she hates him. She I s saying how easy it is to get crooks strung up We can manipulate through crooks the racism in America .Another example Steinbeck includes Curley wife to show the sexism in America in the 1930s.Where she grew up there was lots of fight because he husband curley is doubting man .For example On day curley looking his wife because she is not in the house. So he came bunk house wait to every body in the bunk house they said no then curley asked where is slim they said he went to do some work .Then he get angry and shut the doo r hardly .Because he is always doubt with her wife so he thing she go with slim because he is wife is actual sexual life-she had none of except with curley and there has probably been no consummation there since .Curley would not consider her gratification and would probably be suspicious if she had any. Consequently she is little starved. She involves a friend to be respected .Her different kind of girl.Secondly Lennie is an outsider because he is a mentally disabled, he has like a childs mind and he dont understand when somebody talking to him. Am saying this because when George before killed him, he was saying this How long, how long it will take to have a home and to have hares? we can see from this sentence he has like childs mind because he is saying how long, how long? he asking like a child.Lennie like to touch soft things .Lennie now I wont get to tend the rabbits. This shows us when lennie touch the soft things that will die Because lennie is too strong but he doesnt kno w how strong he is. Another example for lennie when he takes the, mice dies in that time. He always dreams to get so many rabbits and to have a nice home with his best friend George .Some times he gets angry suddenly his anger rose God damn you he cried. Why do you get killed? You aint as mice. This shows us he cant tend the rabbits because George said if you do bad thing you cant get tend the rabbit and land because if lennie do bad things he cant live on a place. Lennie before kill Curleys wife Lennie was stroking her sensory hair because lennie likes to touch soft things .When Curleys wife said permit go and shout to lennie and lennie gets angry but lennie doesnt want to let her because her hair is so soft. Then lennie trying to stop her to shouting and shut her mouth but by accident he broke her neck and she died. Steinbeck foreshadows this. He is a super man, in contrast to his name.He has limited intelligence, so he relies on George to look after him. He copies George in ev erything George does and trusts George completely. Behind him(George)walked his opposite, a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. His arms did not swing at his sides, but hung loosely.He shares a dream with George to own a second of land. Lennies special job would be to tend the rabbits .He likes to pet soft things, like puppies and dead mice. We know this got him into gravel in Weed when he tried to encounter a girls soft red dress she thought he was going to assail her. He can be forgetful George continually has to remind him about important things. He is very gentle and kind, and would never harm anyone or anything deliberately. He is extremely strong he can work as well as two men at bucking barley. He is often described as a child or an animal he drinks from the pool like a horse and his huge hands are described as paws.third crooks is the only bl ack person in the ranch it makes him an out sider.He is the lowest of the lowest and we can see this when Curleys wife say bad things crooks development her status as a white woman over him. Crooks always left out and woman love to have a friend. These shown when lennie comes into his ranch and let him sit down. He also takes his anger out on lennie by saying George wont come backside. He is trying to make him feel how crooks has been feeling all his life crooks have some dreams but it cant be really but his dream is to have good family and to have children and his other dream is not racism black and white.Crooks physically disabled .Crooks black stable worker. He is disfigured and is out sider as well as candy. He has a place of his own and stays there by him self .He doesnt want a company. He also want to part of George and Lennie dream. He said that he would work out. He is only new who understands lennie, be sides George, and be friends him. He looks quondam(prenominal) lenni e mental handicap and lennie looks past crooks physical handicap. Crooks are the black stable hand or buck.He is the only permanent employee at the ranch, since he injured his back in an accident. His back gives him constant pain. He is the only black man around and is made to be isolated by his colour he cant go into the bunk-house or socialise with the men.He is always called the nigger by the men, which shows how racism is taken for granted. The men dont mean to diss Crooks every time they call him this, but they never think to use his name All this has made him proud and aloof. He is lonely S redact you didnt have nobody. Spose you couldnt go into the bunk house and play rummy cause you were blackA guy postulate somebody-to be near him.I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets sick.The only time he mixes with the ranch hands socially is when they fork over horseshoes and then he beats everyone He has his own room near the stables and has a few possessions. He has books, wh ich show he is intelligent and an out of date copy of the California Civil Code, which suggests he is concerned about his rights. He has seen many men come and go, all dreaming of buying a piece of land, but is now cynical, as no one has ever achieved it.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Impact of Employee Retention Essay

Griffeth & Hom (2001) have argued that employee disturbance is assuming crisis proportions for many a(prenominal) employers who struggle to retain people in the tightest labour market. Griffeth & Hom (2001, Pg 1) 52% of companies report that their turnover is increasing and quit rates atomic number 18 running high of 1.1% a month. Turnover squirt be a real problem in many validations. Companies spend a great deal of time and money recruiting and training employees and the address of replacing staff members lost through turnover are great. The pecuniary cost of replacing one employee is generally estimated to range from 50 percent to 200 percent of the annual salary for the position, and may even be high in very specialized fields. Furthermore, poor employee retention can have a negative impact on workplace productivity, job satisfaction, and to a fault on the overall morale of the organisation.It is proven that a high turnover percentage can cost employers a great deal of fin ancial distress. Depending on the coat of the company, to many employers it can make the difference in staying or going out of business. Phillips (2003,Pg 4) noted that, of late employee retention has captured the attention of the business, financial, and executive community as a critically important strategic issue that can have a dramatic effect on productivity and profits. Cascio, 2000 and Johnson,1995 cited in Griffeth & Hom, Retaining Valued Employees (2001), are of the opinion that, human resources professionals and researchers project that the cost of one turnover incidence ranges from between 93% to 200% of a leavers salary, depending on his or her skill and take of job responsibility.Labour turnover has a negative impact on the organizations. Although every manager and team member is aware of problems associated with high turnover, a examine of its foremost consequences puts employee retention in the appropriate perspective. Patricia (2002, pg 4, 5) noted that employee t urnover has a serious impact on organisations. Firstly high financial cost, which is both in terms of direct and indirect costs and the performance of companies has been inhibited in many ways by high turnover rates. Sometimes the costs just causes turnover to become a critical strategic issue. Secondly, in terms of survival as an issue, where in a tight labour market in which the company depends on having employees with critical skills, recruiting and retaining the appropriate talent can determine the success or failure of the organisation.Thirdly in terms of productivity loses and work geological period interruptions , where an employee who quits abruptly not only leaves a productivity gap but also causes problems for others on the same team and within the same flow of work. Fourthly in terms of waiver of know-how especially with regards to knowledge industry, where a departing employee may have the critical knowledge and skills needed for working with specific software. This c an be a negative impact at least in the short run. Fifthly, turnover can have a serious impact on the image of the organisations. Patricia (2002) also noted that some of the other impacts of turnover on organisations may be with regards to loss of business opportunities, administrative problems, disruption of social and confabulation networks, and job satisfaction of remaining employees.Patricia (2002) noted that it is important to remember that turnover can have a negative impact on the individual, particularly if an employee is divergence because of problems that could have been prevented. Furthermore, Patricia (2002) noted that a voluntary turnover because of problems that could have been avoided creates a variety of consequences such as loss of employee benefits or job seniority, financial difficulties, loss of social network, relocation costs, wasted efforts and uncompleted projects, and even more in terms of career problems. Branham (2005) noted that employees quit because o f the disengagement process and deliberation process. Branham (2005) also noted that there are 7 reasons as to why employees leave organisations. They are as follows1. The job or the workplace was not expected.2. The mismatch between job and person.3. Very little coaching and feedback.4. Few growth and advancement opportunities.5. Feeling devalued and unrecognised.6. Stress from overwork and work-life imbalance.7. Loss of trust and confidence in senior leaders.There is no set level of employee turnover that determines at what point turnover starts to have a negative impact on an organisations performance. Everything depends on the type of labour markets in which you compete. Where it is comparatively easy to find and train new employees quickly and at relatively little cost (that is where the labour market is loose), it is possible to sustain high quality levels of service provision despite having a high turnover rate. By contrast, where skills are relatively scarce, where recruitme nt is costly or where it takes several weeks to fill a vacancy, turnover is likely to be problematic for the organisation. This is especially true of situations in which you are losing staff to direct competitors or where customers have developed relationships with individual employees. Some employee turnover positively benefits organisations.This happens when a poor performer is fill ind by a more fat employee, and can happen when a senior retirement allows the promotion or acquisition of welcome fresh blood. The more valuable the employees in psyche the more damaging the resignation, particularly when they move on to work for competitors. Moderate levels of staff turnover can also help to reduce staff costs in organisations where business levels are unpredictable month on month. When business is slack it is straightforward to hold off filling recently created vacancies for some weeks. Staw (1980 cited in Griffeth and Hom (2002), argues that turnover is not always bad. For insta nce, vacating employees or employees who quit can increase promotional opportunities for other employees or can infuse new ideas and technologies when new employees replace those who left. Dalton, Krackhardt and Porter (1981cited in Griffeth and Hom (2002), are of the opinion that received kinds of jobs effects or quits among marginal performers are even desirable.Abelson & Bay singer (1994, cited in Griffeth and Hom (2002) that a certain quit rate might be tolerated as a cost of doing business in a particular industry. Stephen Taylor (2002, Pg 15) noted that for many HR specialists, uprise staff turnover is seen as being an important organisational problem. It follows that improving retention rates should be high on the management agenda, and it is proper for resources to be addicted to achieving this aim. However a certain amount of turnover is actively welcomed by many managers. Nonetheless, Griffeth & Hom (2001) have noticed that organisational-level research and corporate s tudies report that high exit rates generally worsen organisational effectiveness.Though there are diverse opinions from various authors, and taking the above argument into consideration, it is clear that employees play a primordial role in the success of any organisation and therefore by retaining talented or rather key employees is a very important depute that the managers should undertake. Phillips & Connell (2002) noted that, some organisations do a superb job of managing retention, whereas others fail miserably. The issues are not always externally driven but often double-dealing within the organisation.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Practical Play Analysis Essay

Theme/VisionGuan Hanqings cytosine in summer solstice centers on the idea of affable in referee and human suffering particularly the unfair treatment of hapless people during the Chinese Golden Era. The lam essential pop off a great common grit of conquest as intended by its conveywrights to theorise the sad side of the society they were in, as the of import reference (Dou E) leaves a horrifying curse as her unjust death served as a living verification of how under-class people interchangeable her ar taken for granted and ar short-lived despite living a virtuous life eon the evil ones prevailed.This issue unperturbed continues in the modern world so it is consequential that the story lives up to its purpose of making the audience reflect on the existence of despotism in the society and what should be done in order to put an end to it. Every master(prenominal) char transactioners role should be well emphasized in order to crystallize the gist of the story mor e(prenominal) understandable. The characters essential(prenominal) be very much convincing to the extent that they are near taking the audience backward to Yuan Dynasty.An article made by Huo Jianyi, Yuan Dynasty Zaju, tells ab push through how Guan Hanqing himself gave up his profession of being a doctor and chose to serve the public by writing melts that exposed the dark side of the society, particularly the indulgence in wine and women as a way of life particularly for the Yuan rulers. He and his fellow playwrights utilize their talents and knowledge in exposing tyranny and through their theatrical creations, talk on behalf of the suffering masses despite the Yuan rulers forbidding it. The advantage of this play result be achieved if the similar fiery passion is justified by the characters. story Type and go undertingsThe play is operativeic therefrom it would be ideal to using up a proscenium or picture frame do. It is not indispensable to use a traditionalis tic proscenium put with its common features manage a large arch near the stage front or a curtain in order to close it during act or scene breaks. It is enough that the stage is raised some(prenominal) feet enough for the audience to see the positioning of the play while directly facing it (Stage Wikipedia).As the Snow in Midsummer is a classic play based on a Han Dynasty folk tale (although popularized in the Yuan Dynasty), the prevalent theme should be based on the said period. The backdrop essential(prenominal) contain both incomparable and artistic images depicting a usual old Chinese scenario like that of a painting. Images of courtyard houses should be utilize. These residences would represent the different social status that coexisted in that period.Based on Spiro Kostofs A memorial of Architecture, traditional Chinese courtyard houses (such as the siheyuan) is constitute of several individual houses around a square, where each(prenominal) house is owned by a dif ferent member of the family. Aside from this, more houses sack overly be constructed for additional family members that quest to be accommodated.There must be a strong sense of tranquility and privacy which should prevail and be proceeded despite strong and loud scenes in the play. garden and water is likewise a usual feature with these residences. The outermost part of these residences is where strangers are entertained while the innermost one is set apart for intimate friends and family members of the owner.Since the title of the play contains the word snow, thus winter condemnation is another requirement for the play, in fact for almost the entirety of the play. This should allow an atmosphere of gloominess to omit the stage, making the literal coldness of winter almost felt and intensified by the cold hearts of the villains in the play. The snow plays a critical part in this and it should fall dramatically on stage with the proper sad music background going with it. Las t merely not the least, there must be f get offs included. They should either be illustrated in the backdrop as part of the stage props. Flowers have been a great part of Chinese art just like the dragon and bird illustrations they use in their antique porcelains. As a whole, the entire stage must be occur a big try of living Chinese art.Stage Directions The director is trusty for bringing out the good quality of the characters playacting and the stage production. Therefore he must be focused and fully aware of the background of the play so as to properly angle it.Directions are made up of details being hear and seen by the audience. These should be explained well in the script so as not to confuse the director, the actors or change surface the designers. The three kinds of stage fashions must be conside red-faced, namely (1) scene directions, (2) staging directions, and (3) character stage directions.In the script, scene directions are indented at a measurement of 3.5 inches from the left side of the margin and 1 inch from the right. This indicates the fundamental go under and time of the scene with details of the events on stage as the lights come up or become dim (How to Format a Stage contri exclusivelye). Let us take scene one, act one of the play Snow in Midsummer as indicated in the script SCENE ONE(The period was among 1279-1368 A.D. In a typical Chinese small town lives MISTRESS CAI, a widow, who appears on stage with a sign of great anticipation on her face. She paces at the center of the stage in her long, good dealdid gown with wide sleeves and narrow cuffs. Then she faces the audience with the same facial expression.)Second is the staging directions. This contains the description of a certain scene such as the entrance, exit, and struggles of characters on stage, as well as the changes in lighting effects or musical background.MRS. CAIWhere?(The Doctor throttle the widow with the rope.Enter Old Zhang and his son domestic ass. As they rushforward the Doctor takes to his heels. Old Zhangrevives schoolmaam Cai.)DONKEYIts an old woman, dad, nearly strangled to death.Last would be the character stage directions. These are short descriptive extractions in parenthetical form sometimes set under the name of the character. This shows the provide body language while delivering a certain bound (How to Format a Stage Play). This particular direction puts more identity on acting. Here is another example.MRS. CAI (crying)Ah, poor child How am I going to break this to you?Make upThe characters establishment for the Snow in Midsummer need not look like that from a Chinese opera although it whitethorn be elaborated to reflect its rich culture. It must enhance their acting and facial expression. A kabuki effect is adumbrateed if the production team would like to add a little animation to it and lessening its tragic base.Dou E and Mistress Cais codup whitethorn use thick foundation with a rosy base to show femininity. Howe ver the occupation must be heavier on Mistress Cai to distinguish her age along with some fake wrinkles. The eyebrows must be enhanced with a thick black pretext while the backtalks are pouty and deep red.As for the elder staminate actors (Doctor Lu, Dou Tianzhang, and Old Chang), a yellow base makeup fucking be used contrasted with a thick pink blush on. The eyebrows may also be enhanced however for the male antagonist (Donkey Chang), eye brows should be enhanced with an upward effect at both ends. one time over again the display of wrinkles should distinguish ages.Basic Pointers for applying stage makeupAccording to Kate Hillard on her article Application of Stage Makeup, makeup is often applied on thick layers. Unlike the movies where the camera can focus on the actors face, audiences cannot afford to this kind of facility on stage plays. The makeup used for the Snow in Midsummer should be elaborate and bright especially with characters representing the high-class societ y. There may also be gradual moderation of the makeup for the middle and lower class members but the artist must make sure that it is enough in maximizing the actors emotions on stage. Sometimes even the dark layers of makeup disappear on the glaring lights.A thick, heavy cream foundation should be applied first which be a little bit darker than the skin tone. The placing of foundation should be started on the forehead and blended well up to the hairline subsequently which the remaining of the face is covered together with the ears, eyelids, and uterine cervix as if this is the actors true complexion. The neck application should also be blended well so as not to create a mask-like appearance. When it comes to male actors, foundation is applied on the entire neck and back sometimes but this can appear messy. Following the general foundation, a lighter people of colour is placed over the shadows under the nose and on the chin.When the foundation is done, the blush would follow. A r osy color is used for the female actresses but this should be applied on a lesser degree with male actors. It is give out over the cheekbone and about halfway down the cheek mixing it with a down and up motion. A naturally rosy tone is needed for male actors while it should be darker for the females enough to economise its visibility on stage especially under the hot lights. Blush must also be placed over the nose and forehead where it is very slightly blended.The most difficult part would be the eye makeup. A very albumin highlighter is first placed along the brow bone (right underneath the eyebrow) and under the eye. The makeup artist should make sure to give the surrounding eye areas a lightened appearance without leaving white smears. Following this, an eye makeup should be placed just above the eyelid, on a lower floor the brow bone, and also beneath the eye which should be a little darker than skin tone. This should be exceed with an even darker color along the eyelid top t hrough a downward blending which can also be used as an eyeliner especially with male actors.For women, an even darker and rosier tone that gives the appearance of a natural eye shadow should be placed over. It should however be more recognizable on stage and should be placed a little above the eyebrow. A less rosy color is recommended for male actors though not required. Furthermore, a dark brown or similar-colored eye lining is placed. abusive color is to be used for dramatic roles that need wild makeup. Lastly, mascara is placed on top of the lashes. In order to avoid or lessen the errors of lay mascaras, it is suggested to make the actor blink after putting the wand on his/her lashes.Following the eye makeup is the simpler part of putting on the lipstick. A color that is a little darker than the usual lip color is used for male actors and should be matched with a lip liner. Either can go first depending on the actors or makeup artists preference. The liner should be placed on the outside of the lips and not on the natural line otherwise this will obviously look fake. It can also be applied all over the lips to make it last better and longer. A dark lipstick should be applied enough to be seen from the stage even if it looks like a Halloween makeup up close. It goes otherwise with male actors who should slightly be more natural even on stage.Last but not the least would be the loose powder. Before it is applied over the face, dip a large brush unto a powder container then shake it to get most of the powder off in order to avoid leaving white smears over the makeup and therefore ruining it. Loose powder is for holding the actors make up even when they are sweating. garments rig outs are very important. They help audiences identify and understand the actors character and social rank as well as his traits and gender. The style and color would greatly suggest the occasion happening on stage. Colorful clothes and elaborate makeup may bring more life to Snow in Midsummer as this pertains to rich Chinese culture.The main character, Dou E, may use the traditional Ruqun which is used by ordinary women during the Yuan Dynasty. This is made up of an upper jacket and lower skirt. The jacket is made of a red marten or sheepskin garment with loose sleeves and venerable collars and cuffs. This is tucked below a maroon skirt with a gray sash accent to maintain its simplicity.The same type of robe costume may be used by the widow, Mistress Cai as they do not needfully belong with the Mongolian Aristocrats who wore cur coats and fur caps. Their costumes must reflect their modus vivendi and their role enough to bring out the emotion from the audience, however they should not look like paupers but more like average Chinese people however obviously struggling to maintain their dignity. However, after her execution, Dou Es costume must change to loose, ghostly white robe with its light fabric. The red smear of blood from the execution must appear on the cloth as well.The male actors may use the Yiseyi or Zhisunfu garments where upper and lower short garments were put together while adding folds to the waistline. Furthermore, big form were hung on shoulders and the back. The garments can either be course or of fine quality depending on the social rank the actor is representing (Costume in the Yuan Dynasty). Donkey Chang and Old Chang may use costumes may use colors that shows a status that is more advantages compared to Dou E and Mistress Cai, however not as luxurious as an upper aristocrat. Donkey Changs costume must be provoking and contemplative of his selfish being.Of course the apparent hairdo must not be forgotten. For male actors, it should be the traditional snail-head, seated Buddha feature. As for females actors (Dou E and Mistress Cai), the hair must be long with the upper tidy sum tied and placed with some simple white floral accents. Mrs. Cais hair must be all brushed up however with a bulky onion bulb appearance.Lig htingThis is by chance the counterpart of camera trick. One of the things that make stage plays breath-taking is the lighting effect. In fact thanks to contemporaneous stage lighting, audiences now are able to afford richer visibility of the entire play, thus connecting more with the severe emotions of the actors.A careful outline of Bill Williams Stage Lighting Design shows four important objectives of stage lighting (1) Visibility, which helps the audience understand the play. It is influenced by contrast, size, color and movement. (2) Naturalism (and Motivation), where a sense of time and place is indicated. (3) Composition, the overall image of the stage. Lighting must reveal actors, objects and scenery depending on their importance. (4) Mood (and Atmosphere), which is the mental reaction of the audience is influenced by lighting effects that gives the stage a sense of happiness, sadness or even boredom.Dou Es execution would be a perfect example where lighting is highlighte d as this scene indicates a transition from a normal way of life to a cursed one. In this case, the lighting effects must create a great sense of grief , heaviness, and fear among the audience. cast A play cannot be a play without the cast. As the front liners of the production, they are mainly responsible for leaving an impression for the play since they are the ones who have direct contact with the audiences. send packings are like the main course of a meal. Prof. Audrey Stanley from the University of California at Santa Cruz presents at least eight points to consider when casting a play (1) Interpretation of character type and function (2) Type-casting (3) rolling against type (4) Cross-gender casting (5) Gender- or race-neutral casting. (6) generational relationships and differences between characters (for instance, how old are Lears daughters?) (7) Physical and vocal requirements of different roles (8) Audience associations and expectations of individual actors. Dou Es charac ter must be portrayed by someone who can show her virtuosity but at the same time must have the ability to transform into a vengeful character. Her father, Dou Tianzhang, must be played as someone who is old of course but has enough strength to do some laborious works. Mistress Cai must reflect the same humility as Dou Es character but of course with a motherly touch. A trace of burden must be shown on her face from lifes realities as well as how youth has been taken from her. Donkey Chang need not be good-looking however appropriately dressed. But his dignified appearance must not conceal his disgusting character.RehearsalsBased on Simon Dunmores Advice on How to Approach Rehearsals for a Play, rehearsing is composed of thought, discussion, and doing. It is an important part of the play where the whole team gets to figure out what will work or not. That is why it is important to discipline oneself especially when it comes to the script. Even before the rehearsals, the actor must re ad it several times so he/she will get to be familiar with the character that he is playing. He should carry it one hand somewhere at his side and put emotion to the delivery of the line while looking at the script at a side glance. He must be patient and must take his time in memorizing his line. In case of long speeches, they should be delivered with much care and thought as single or short lines for it is usually a case where a certain idea starts and is connected throughout the story of the play.Stage directions on the other hand, must be read as possible pointers only. If they came from how the play was originally done, take into consideration that the present production index be different with the casts and circumstances being new. Pause and silence is a kind of stage direction that must also be given proper timing and must have appropriate place in the play just like long and short lines. Also in case of abbreviations, the intention of the playwright must be observed so the essence of the communication will not be lost.Writing down notes either from the director or from oneself will be helpful in memory board how to delivery ones line properly. Notes need not be long. Directors may not be right all the time with regards to the character role. His long experience in theater acting may not give him enough knowledge or understanding of a certain character the way an actor does. Therefore, a careful and rational discussion must always be made between the two. grade and costume designs are also very important. They affect the way an actor moves about the stage. These objects must work harmoniously with the people of the play and not become a hinder. Rehearsals do not persist within the rehearsal room. Proper focus can be achieved with proper practicing though it should not necessarily occupy ones private time.Rehearsal for Snow in MidsummerBelow is a sample table for the Snow in Midsummers rehearsal schedule. It is usually done with sextet to eight week s but the production team may change it depending on their needs (Sample Rehearsal Schedule).sunshineMondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdayAuditionsAuditionsCall-BacksPostCastlistFirst Read-ThruOffConstruction Crew MeetsBlock sceneswith leadsBlock sceneswith replete(p) CastBlock sceneswith leadsBegin cross outConstructionBlock sceneswithFull CastOff clear onSetConstructionWork sceneswithFull CastWork sceneswith leadsWork sceneswith leadsWork onSetConstructionWork sceneswithFull CastWork onSetConstruction fall Lightsand SetConstructionWork through twist Ioff bookWork throughAct IIoff bookWork ontrouble spotsleads onlyFinish HangandRough FocusAct IRun-thruWork onSetConstructionFull CastPaint andWork DayAct IIRun-thruAct IRun-thruAct IIRun-thruWork onSetConstructionFirst FullRun-thruComplete SetConstructionFinal apparatusTechand LightsFirst TechRehearsalwith CastRun-thruFull TechRun-thruFull TechCostumecheckTech CrewTroubleShootingRun-thruFull TechFinishingTouchesOn SetWork onp roblem areasFull DressRehearsalFull DressRehearsalFull DressRehearsalFull DressRehearsalNo Makeup actPerformancePerformanceThe Visions Effects on the Audience The Snow in Midsummer is a play about tragedy and drama. However, the whole production team must keep in mind that as the story is based on real struggles of poor people in the past, it might leave a great sense of grievance to the audience. This is good but only to the extent that it will stimulate their sense of awareness since basically, though the storyline dates back to old times, it is very symbolic of the abuse and tyranny that still exist even in our time. Therefore, there must be a balance by creating a great sense of hope especially during the scenes where a retrial for Dou Es case was conducted up to the plays ending. The play must establish to the audience that life goes on and there is hope and justice even in the hardest of situations.Steve Campsall wrote in Write a Successful Play that plays must create a lastin g appeal to the audience. Every words delivered by a stage performer should send out both meaning and feeling. That is why it is important to understand the writers intention behind the text he has created. Common methods such as vivid metaphor, powerful imagery, alliteration, use of rhyme or rhythm, etc, are said to be used often by writers (Write a Successful Play Effects on the Audience). Behind the scene interactions will help bring ones natural acting and transcend the same energy and passion. The audience must be convinced with everything, from the stage settings to the acting. Not doing so will be crucial and may create passiveness.Conclusion Behind a plays success could be in anything that is a part of it. From the directors vision to the actors execution, everyone should make sure that everything works harmoniously so that the flow of the play will be well handsome on the grand day itself. It is both invigorate and fun to see actors on stage behaving like they are not act ors but rather they own the stage and they are the characters that they are playing. Lastly, behind the inspiring acts, elaborate costumes, and colorful props, the message of the story must be retained. This is one important part that can be shared with the audience. The lesson that they can learn from watching a play can help them personally. Once the audience is touched by a plays story or vision, he/she can use the message or apply it once he goes back to real life.Work CitedStage. Wikipedia The freehanded Encyclopedia. 5 February 2008. 9 February 2008.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)Kostof, S. 1995. A History of Architecture. The Oxford Press. 8 February 2008. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CourtyardJianyi, H. 2003. Yuan Dynasty Zaju. 8 February 2008. http//www.chinavoc.com/magicn/yzaj.aspHow to Format a Stage Play. Script Frenzy Young Writers Program. 2007. 9 February 2008.http//ywp.scriptfrenzy.org/howtoformatastageplayHillard, K. 2002. Application of Stage Make Up. 9 February 2008.http//www.essortment.com/applicationstag_rgyu.htmCostume in the Yuan Dynasty. ChinaCulture.org. 10 February 2008. 10 February 2008.http//www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2003-09/24/content_28414.htmWilliams, B. 1997-1999. Stage Lighting Design. Objectives of stage lighting. 11 February 2008http//www.mts.net/william5/sld/sld-100.htmStanley, A. 1995-1996. Shakespeare Examined through Performance. 11 February 2008http//www.tamut.edu/english/folgerhp/Recipes/7cstply.htmlDunmore, S. 25 August 1999. Simon Dunmores Advice on How to Approach Rehearsals for a Play. 11 February 2008http//www.btinternet.com/simon.dunmore/rehearse.htmCampsall, S. 2008. Write a Successful Play Effects on the Audience. 12 February 2008http//www.englishbiz.co.uk/mainguides/play.htmSample Rehearsal Schedule. tupelo tree Community Theatre. 13 February 2008.http//www.tctwebstage.com/schedule.htm