Tuesday, April 30, 2019

The Marine Insurance Act 1906 states 'Subject to the provision of this Assignment

The Marine Insurance Act 1906 states Subject to the provision of this Act, every soul has an insurable bet who is interested in a marine misadventure - Assignment ExampleThose with insurable interest in marine insurance includes everyone who would suffer loss in the event of the insured risk occurring. much(prenominal) include the owner of the consignment under shipping, the seller of the goods, the mortgager and mortgagee among others. The paper will deal when insurable interest exists according to the Marine Insurance Act 1906 and outline hull and cargo interests which deposit the types of marine insurance.Noussia (1) and Giaschi (1) note that at around 215 B.C., the Lloyds of London developed measures to ensure that they are protected against losses incurred during their trades as they ship cargo to West Indies. Merchants would come together and have each of them bear get off the ground of the maritime risk such that they would share any losses occurring during such adven tures. With time, the strategy shifted to using individuals who did not have any interest in these adventures where they would pay premiums to them and transfer maritime risks to them. In the modern world, commercial message insurers bear the cost of compensation by accepting premiums depending on the magnitude of the risk involved. harmonise to the national Archives, marine insurance refers to the insurer undertaking to indemnify the assured against losses occurring during a marine adventure as per their agreement, in manner and extent. This could be extended through its express terms to cover against losses on land or inland waters as a consequence of sea voyage.According to the UK Marine Insurance Act 1906, referred to as the mother of all statues on marine insurance by Birds (5), everyone interested in a maritime adventure has insurable interest. Such persons could have a statutory relation to the adventure or could have property therein that could be insured, of which, its safety or repayable arrival would be of direct benefit. Loss, damage or detention of such property

Monday, April 29, 2019

The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 Research Paper

The whistle blower Protection Act of 1989 - Research Paper fontA whistleblower is a person who makes a disclosure that evidence improper or illegitimate activities in an employment setting (Whitaker, P1). On the other hand, King defines the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 as a United States of Americas federal law that protects federal whistleblowers or goernment employees who paper any misconduct by a federal agency. An example of a famous whistleblower was Jeffrey Wigand, dark-brown & Williamsons former research and development vice president in 1966, who disclosed that cigarette companies executives were aware of the fact that cigarettes were addictive and increased the amount of nicotine deliberately to make them even more addictive (King, para5).The Whistleblower Protection Act/WPA was enacted in 1989, following apparent weaknesses in the 1978 Civil Service Reform Act, which was an introductory attempt to protect whistleblowers. This law led to the creation of the Of fice of Special Counsel, which investigates complaints from government employees that they received penalization after reporting about abuse, fraud or waste in their agencies to Congress. This office has jurisdiction over whistleblower reprisal allegations that the United States Securities and Exchange Commission employees make.The Congress passed the Act with the intention of strengthening and improving federal employees rights protection, to end retaliation and to aid in the eradication of unlawful activity within the government. It mandates that workers should not go through adverse consequences because of personnel practices that are prohibitedand establishes that the Office of Special Counsels prime role is protecting workers, particularly whistleblowers, from forbidden personnel practices.

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Emergency Operations Plan in an Emergency Situation in the Campus Essay

Emergency Operations fancy in an Emergency Situation in the Campus - Essay ExampleTherefore, there requires an emergency plan that leave alone respond to all the necessary issues that arise at the time of an emergency situation. Weber enounce University has actual a similar plan to address emergency situations effectively.The Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) aims to address the effectiveness hazards that can give rise to an emergency situation in the campus and to provide a comprehensive writ of execution plan to cater to these issues. The EOPs scope is wide as it covers the natural disasters, technological hazards and extraordinary situations like illegal events. Therefore, earthquake, mudslide, flood, tornado, weather extremes and fire breakout in the wildland are all possible emergency situations in which EOP willing be effective. Likewise, transportation accidents, utility failure, incidents with hazardous materials or chemicals and structural fire are covered infra EOP a s technological hazards. Similarly, civil disturbances, sabotage between student and staff member, bomb threat and vile or violent behavior are covered under the extraordinary emergency situations.The Weber State University EOPs will cover the potential emergency situations, provide an effective plan for practiceation, develop institutional responsibilities and highlighting the mechanism for monitoring and control in emergency situations. The EOPs will be adhered by all the employees and the students of the University, alike.In order to activate the EOPs, the University has assumed several situations and circumstances that will make it easier for all the stakeholders to effectively implement and execute the plan in their best interests.

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Adolescent Identity Development based on Race and Sexuality Essay

Adolescent identity element Development based on Race and Sexuality - Essay Examplestanding the significance of conclusion is necessary not only to deliver treatment but also to be able to incur for themselves skills that transcend cultural barriers to treatment.The urgency of these needs has been highlighted in several researches. Sue and Sue (2002) emphasize that hotshot of the primary steps to be taken is the study and recognition of culture in therapy. Counseling methods should conjecture this and program methods to help cultural assimilation without sacrificing appreciation for cultural heritage (Vontress et al, 19999). McGuire-Snieckus and associates at the same date realize also highlighted that standards for c atomic number 18 should reflect these changes that therapy should have a greater social and personal order to be able to effectively address care needs. The need for intercultural communication and understanding in therapy is an character of greater social empo werment amongst cultural groups and is critical in developing tolerance and cooperation among various groups (Neuliep, 2006). The selected populations of the study, Hispanics, have a distinct cultural heritage that greatly influences the manner by which the y perceive, acquire and respond to therapy. Johnson (2006) reflects that as a subject group they show how the sensitivity to cultural factors can contribute to the achiever of programs. Cox and Ephross (1998) cite that ethnicity should be considered not only for their value in the development of identity or perceptions but also in the manner of response that subjects have to new cultures.From the interviews done for the purpose of this research, it is unornamented that there are many misconceptions within and outside the Hispanic community that actively influence perceptions regarding therapy. in that location is great attachment among the population for family and cultural heritage that emphasizes religion and traits that are considered to be trademarks. There are many taboos developed form these beliefs that may deter counseling particularly those related

Friday, April 26, 2019

Function of afterlife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Function of futurity - Essay ExampleWritten in the form of interviews conducted from the famous souls had already departed from the world, the author has assumption the message that the individuals leading a life in service of humanity in one substance or the other would be in peace and under the blessings of the Lord in heavens. On the contrary, the persons, who had inflicted the breed and sufferings upon the fellow humans, are sure to undergo punishments in inferno in afterlife (31). As a result, the individuals including Shakespeare, Edison, Pasteur and others, would be blessed against their wonderful contributions carried out in the field of art, medicine, literature and others. Similarly, the despotic rulers, evil-minded politicians, pagans and purported dogmatists would nourish to undergo the wrath of Lord for their wickedness and misdeeds (48). Hence, if the individuals give up and forget believing in the messages and lessons plain mentioned in the Holy Scriptures that hu mans are not responsible to anyone after death, everyone will start inflicting harms, injury and throbbing pains upon others (67). On the contrary, strong faith in God as well as His system, based upon justice, truth and benevolence, teaches the humans to be kind, sympathetic and compassionate towards others. Consequently, the author has conveyed the universal message of bash and benevolence through his under-investigation work, which urges the readers to observe chastity, mercifulness and compassion towards one

The management of art organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The management of art organisations - Essay ExampleConsequently, it will be a useful company to the whole community. Further, the company acknowledges the family event, forums, and other events every in the effort of characterisation the importance of artwork. It will also give chance to children who hand art interest to pursue their dreams by offering them maximum support (Crosby, 2008, p. 5).Being a company known to deal in presenting the Australias most contemporary and largest visual arts, our mission is to get the recognition of the whole nation is terms of being a non-profit firm, yet helpful in selling the best talents in the untaught. Moreover, this company will visit that productivity is translated into prosperity as well as growth for all the members who participates in our team. With this, the organization is goaded to be a revelation to the larger community in the worldwide arena (Heijden, 2006, p. 4).The inaugural Biennale of Sydney was organise in 1973, with the aim of providing a showcase that could attract international community for contemporary art. The country is risque with traditional thinking. Therefore, the main aim of the organization was to challenge the traditional thinking by encouraging fervency on a new level of thinking. For the above to work properly, it should be noted that the organization has to have attraction power. So far, this can be traced since the company now is witnessing an increased level of visitation, to the extent that it has forked that of the year 2012. Its 18th Biennale of Sydney achieved a record of 665, 488 visitors witnessed across all revenues. This is somewhat encouraging, however, the fact remains that the country has to move forward, and pursue or perceive artwork on the level of the organization. This will change all the thinking of the Sydneys residents, hence giving them a chance to explore the world to its furthest with discover to

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Failure or success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Failure or success - Essay ExampleGattos opinion on the effects of schooling is extremely intense. In Against School, he stirs up a discussion on whether boredom is the perfect term to describe the experience of modern day students. From his person-to-person experience, most students feel bored with the education transcription and think their teachers do not seem to insure their subjects and probably arent interested in learning more (Breton and Largent 25). Gatto brings up the question of who should be diabolic for the critical mess in the education governing body. Ideally, teachers often appear bored and keep blaming their students for feeling chivalrous in taking their studies seriously (Breton and Largent 157). He offers a solution to boredom and encourages students to amuse themselves in the classroom. Also, he encourages teachers to provide students with adequate education rather than stirring regular schooling.Gatto also scrutinizes whether the existing school system is meant to spearhead forced schooling. He goes ahead to compare the school system to the Prussian culture and refers to it as an educational system that is meant to nurture mediocre intellects. With such an educational system, students are denied the opportunity to develop considerable leadership skills. Also, he states that most people connect successes to schooling. According to him, important people deal Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson never subjected their lives to the strenuous schooling system, but still made it in life (Breton and Largent 241). In addition, Gatto believes that schools were designed to make good citizens at their personal best.Gatto thinks that the public school system is designed to fulfill the major covert functions of a school. He outlines the covert functions by revisiting Alexander Ingliss basic functions of a modern school.

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Cognitive Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cognitive psychological science - Essay ExampleThe authors main research questions were If updating is the automatic direct of locomotion, would people have ease or difficulty with ignoring their locomotion when walking without vision? If updating was an elective process that only occurred as the result of deliberate and effortful cognitive processing, would people find the labor movement easy? Is the performance of people walking without vision better in the updating condition when they are told to ignore their locomotion? Is there was any difference in performance when people walked blindly to come along targets compared to far targets? Are people able to overcome the information specifying their real positions in space and temporarily by adopting a different perspective, when they are given enough time to carry out the obligatory cognitive operations?First hypothesis of the research was that Performance of people while updating their spacial relationships is better as compa red to when they are told to ignore their locomotion. The third hypothesis was that If subjects can retrospectively overcome the ahead automatic spatial updating, then their performances in the ignoring condition should improve relative to the updating condition. These hypotheses were justified on the basis of background research and theory, because the authors have given an extensive review of literature citing other researchers works, and explaining them in order to support the need to conduct this specific research. They have cited literature which discusses the automatic updating of non-visual spatial relationships.The population of interest was young people. The sample for the first experiment included ten student volunteers from the Strathclyde University Psychology Department and, the sample for the second experiment included ten other student volunteers from the same discussion section and university. The sample was not very

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Communication - Assignment ExampleThe following constitute the communication designing for Starbucks app.The purpose of this text file is to define the communications goals and strategies of Starbucks app view. These strategies and goals are aimed at providing guidance in planning and measuring results of the current and prox communication efforts. In addition, this plan will outline the throw ups structure and methods of collecting, formatting, screening and distributing the get words information.The overall objective of this communication plan is to promote the projects success through meeting the information needs of project stakeholders. The intended audience of Starbucks app project communication plan is the project manager, project sponsor, the project team and any other stakeholders in the project.The communication matrix below is utilise to outline details that concern the communication activities implemented during the Starbucks app project. The project matrix shows a communication plan strategy for the project manager, the project team, and other stakeholders of the project.The project manager will be responsible for the net success of the project. In this regard, he/she oversee the all the activities of the project. However, the program manager will be tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that the communication plan is well monitored, controlled and well executed. He/she has to ensure that the communication plan extensively explains the useful communication channels and activities during the project. He make-ups any setbacks and progress of the communication channel. The program manager will report to the project manager (Binder, 2007).Program manager the program manager oversee the activities of Starbucks app at the portfolio level. In this regard, the project manager is responsible for overall program costs and profitability of Starbucks app project (Binder,

Monday, April 22, 2019

International Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words - 1

International Economics - Essay ExampleIn the case of a terra firmas competitiveness, it is directly associated with its economic activities and complex international trade precondition (Wong & Grinols 1995).It is therefore clear that countries with substantial economic activities and potential earnings are viewed to be competitive sufficiency to play their part in the world long economy. In the same way, those countries with poor economic performances are just about likely known or called for their incapacity to compete in the worlds economic activities. This is finally true when one has to try to take a look at the right measures used in economic performances.Adam Smith and David Ricardo and other economists come to agree that the competitive advantage of a true location may be due to its local availability of resources for production purposes (Sachs & Warner 2001). However, it is not all the age that those countries with replete supply of resources may stand competitive ove r the other. In the same way, a country with arable lands does not necessarily mean economic competitiveness in its part. Most likely, the availability of enough manpower does not automatically mean a competitive advantage. If agent of international trade and factor input mobility are not considered, a certain region or country with larger resources potful be capable of producing goods and services compared to other market or economy (Easterly & Levine 2003). In this paper the index elaborately discusses the extent to which factor availability is no longer an effective explanation of the competitiveness of regions or countries. There are other important factors that need to be elaborately discussed in order to witness further the true nature of competitiveness of a country. Some other countries have become so intensively competitive due to their political control or power in the world wide economy. There are other environmental issues that need to be considered and in the end it is important to draw a link of them to the

Sunday, April 21, 2019

International Business - F.D.I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Business - F.D.I - Essay Example tube Group is a forward-looking, dynamic company with strong corporate and marketing strategies and focus on globular expansion. It withal invests in and utilises the latest technology to create efficiency and profitability in its divisions. Through its useful marketing and operative strategies as wellhead as high investments, the Metro Group has managed to revive about of the traditional retail sectors in Germany that were facing a grim future.The Metro Group is the lede retailer in Germany and the fourth largest retailer in the world after Wal-Mart Inc., Carrefour SA and Ahold NV. In Europe, Metro is the snatch leading retailer after Carrefour. In Germany, Metro is the fifth largest food retailer. Its Praktiker division is the second leading DIY retailer in the country and Media-Saturn is the leading retailer in consumer durables in Germany. Metro is also the second largest department store retailer in the country.Metros Cash & Carry division and Media-Saturn are the nearly successful business concepts, and Metro has concentrated on their expansion both in Germany as well as in overseas markets. Real hypermarkets and Praktiker DIY outlets are also utilised in Metros expansion to a lesser degree and found mainly in East European markets.To make the Group advantageous Metro started a restructuring process in 1998, which is still continuing. In 1998, Metro AG remodelled the group social organisation as part of its shareholder value policy. Strategies were developed to focus on a core growth and service portfolio, to optimise outlet potential and to globalise the group. To achieve this target, the group was remodelled, by divesting its marginal trading operations and strengthening core businesses through and through strategic takeovers. Metro has merged procurement activities for all its divisions to create synergies through bulk buying. It is also participating in e-procurement through Internet auctions, which allows it to buy non-branded

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Plant Form and Function, Plant Reproduction and Development Essay

Plant impress and Function, Plant Reproduction and Development - Essay ExampleThe information contained in the hold somehow applies to those in charge of domestic health, environment, and even interior decorating. The fact that certain species of plants have the ability to filter airmanship pollutants is a promising new way of decorating the house and doing it the holistic way. Moreover, the supposition of plants filtering the air of pollutants is likewise a clear message to horticulturists and environmental specialists that they should increase the production of such plants and that they should at least encourage pack to do the same and to value these species. If these plants become so numerous, they might be able to bring rough a positive effect in the environment.The anonymously written article appears in the Sciences News persona of Science nonchalant and was about how a new species of scamp flower developed the natural way. fit to the article, the new species of monke y flower, which is scientifically known as Mimulus peregrines, was produced from a series of matings among foreign plant species in Britain that lasted 150 years. Basically, these various species of plants actually cannot reproduce upon mating, but during the 150 years of evolution, in foulness was overcome. The principle voluminous was polyploidization, which is the duplication of the inbuilt hybrid DNA which can balance the amount of DNA and restore fertility. It is in like manner mentioned in the article that even wheat, cotton, and tobacco may have originated in the same way. ... Moreover, the idea of plants filtering the air of pollutants is also a clear message to horticulturists and environmental specialists that they should increase the production of such plants and that they should at least encourage people to do the same and to value these species. If these plants become so numerous, they might be able to bring about a positive effect in the environment. Plant Reproduc tion exalted Glimpse Into the Origin of Species The anonymously written article appears in the Sciences News section of Science Daily and was about how a new species of monkey flower developed the natural way. According to the article, the new species of monkey flower, which is scientifically known as Mimulus peregrinus, was produced from a series of matings among foreign plant species in Britain that lasted 150 years. Basically, these different species of plants actually cannot reproduce upon mating, but during the 150 years of evolution, infertility was overcome. The principle involved was polyploidization, which is the duplication of the entire hybrid DNA which can balance the amount of DNA and restore fertility (Rare Glimpse, 2012). It is also mentioned in the article that even wheat, cotton and tobacco may have originated in the same way. This article is based on the journal article entitled Mimulus peregrinus (Phrymaceae) A new British allopolyploid species, which was written by Mario Vallejo-Marin and published by PhytoKeys. The Science Daily article therefore is heavily backed by scientific information and peer reviews, and is therefore very reliable. Moreover, it has its own DOI number. The Science Daily article was also written with great objectivity and

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Corporate Strategy - strain ExampleThese strategies are very workable for any fraternity in need of expansion to adopt. The intensifier strategy used by an organization terminate improve its market share and the revenue benefits it acquires. It is a strategy of aggregation and strategy where benefits come through expansion of the business. The business can expand its ingatherings range and market with the view of deeper market penetration. merchandise development for a business doer introducing a untested product in the market to achieve an increased profit margin. It excessively aims at reducing the total cost of produce but increase the average cost of the output (Lamb, 2011453). Market development of a company fuck offs a company enjoy the economies of scale and a diverse dispersed of the business risks. However, market development is different from product development but is more often than non confused. Product development helps the current product achieve more reven ue under a mod strategy. A business may improve its products that are presently in the market or deputize it with a new product. For example, the Toyota Company always seeks for new technology to increase its vehicle fuel faculty thusly making it to be more competitive than others do. Therefore, the Toyota Company gains more sales by marketing the hybrid vehicles that help reduce pollution to the environment as well (Mullins, Walker and Boyd, 201045). Integration strategies can be forward either backward, or horizontal. Forward integration is where a theatre grows by pickings over it functions forward in the chain value previously provided by manufacturers, distributors, or retailers. This takes more mince over the final product and distribution strategies. Backward integration means that growth of a company may take functions that were earlier in the chain as provided by suppliers and other organizations. For example, the Toyota may make agreements with suppliers who wish to meet the JIT processing. This is a win-win deal where the company may increase its comprise powers over the suppliers and hence increase revenue and profit (Thomas, 2001276). Horizontal integration is a strategy that seeks the ownership to increase control over the firms competitors. This form of integration increases control power of the company over the firms competitor and encourage mergers and takeovers by the enhanced transfer of resources and competitiveness (Armstrong and Kotler, 2002267). Diversification strategy is also another from of cooperate strategy that seeks to increase the profitability of a company through greater sales obtained from new products and new markets. Diversification of the business can be at unit level or at the cooperate level. Diversification can be concentric, conglomerate, or horizontal. Concentric diversification focuses on portfolio installation with business relation. Conglomerate diversification refers to diversification on matters that rela te to the current line of business. It aims at change the profitability and achieving proper marketing. The case study analyses the growth strategies of the of Toyota industry in the era of currency fluctuations and the new needs of the market. The Toyota industry, founded in 1926 by the Sakichi Toyoda, manufactures and sells the automatic looms, which he had invented and perfected. Since then the Toyota Company

Friday, April 19, 2019

Trends Executive Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trends Executive Memo - Essay ExampleFurther, technology will tending in the collection of evidence for use in courts, and in surveillance of chastening centers to reduce the time out incidences that have been on the rise. This is a major step into the future which ought to happen soon. However, serious planning and strategizing is necessary before taking the steps (NRC-US, 2002). Partnership between the state and private security agencies will be enhanced. This will ensure that security information is shared as received from the public and actions taken in a team fashion.The correction department in the country has experienced a number of challenges. overly the increased breakouts, it has been noted that many inmates get connected to the outside friends through the help of the wardens (Gingrich & Worthington, 2013. Pg. 365). This has to stop. Every correction center must have installed surveillance system to monitor activities within (Priest & Arkin, 2011, pg. 76). These system s, from all centers, will be channeled to the head office surveillance department in real-time.The future of the security is that collaborative units will sketch together to ensure that the public is secure. Further, technological innovations will replace the manual entries and surveillance making the live on easier to execute and monitor (Evans, Martin & Poatsy, 2005. pg. 245). Each of the departments will, therefore, perform their mandate with connectivity and collaboration rather than

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Homework Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Homework - Article Exampleool, and the selected classes argon handled by the same teacher and the exercises given to them were also the same, to attain uniformity in the analysis. The study has a rationale relating to the efficacy of homework in cases were family involvement is ensured. This had been studied previously by many researchers, just this particular study interrogates three situations where 1. the students are not prompted to involve their family in homework, 2. the students are prompted to involve their family in homework and 3. the students and teachers are prompted to involve the parents in homework. The research has further significance in the theoretical and act level, as it tackles different issues related to the performance of students with reference to the involvement of their families in their homework.The literature is reviewed extensively, linking the research to send off Head Start, which involves studies related to involving parents in homework. Moreover, s ufficient insights are drawn from pioneer researchers like Epstein and Bronfenbrenner. Moreover, the study cortically evaluates previous research and points out the areas where more studies have to emerge. The study justifies the need for studying the problem and elaborates its grasp in related fields. The previous studies are incorporated in the analysis, but the study remains original. in that location are four clearly defined research questions relating to the significance of prompts in the involvement of family members in mathematics homework, the way this affects homework in other subjects, the kindred between family involvement and student achievement and the relationship of all these with regard to the selected family variables including parent education level, family structure and family size. The hypotheses are consistent with theory and known facts, as evidenced by the way they are linked to previous research and established facts. They are testable, and worthy testing methods are applied. They bring

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

NEC Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

necrotizing enterocolitis - Assignment Examplehnology and specialization advanced rapidly, it became to a greater extent difficult for companies to harness all necessary technologies through their own R&D activities. Consequently they were forming strategical alliances with other firms, laboratories and universities that held competitive edge technologically (Mark 1987).There were several proposed aims for NEC including Boston, Palo Alto and Princeton. Shinoda and Kahng believed it was necessary to attain the laboratory at a relatively quiet show and thus it was conducive to establish the site in Princeton. The closeness of Princeton to Europe was significant for constant communication to the headquarters in Europe. It was indwelling for NEC to move out of Europe in order to diversify its market and exploit new markets in the globe. Princeton was a strategic position for the development of the company owing to the accessibility of resources. The sphere having other scientific i nstitutions such as the Bell Laboratories, the IBM Research Institute, and the SRI Institute would facilitate NES with new knowledge that would be essential in establishing of a successful achievement of set objectives.Princeton would also be a convenient place to do collaborative research this is because of the easy access to universities such as the Princeton University, Columbia University and Yale University. These Universities would greatly divine service in carrying out research for the firm.I think locating the industry in a region that has other firms already established would be essential for ease in access by clients because clients atomic tour 18 already aware of the companys location. The competition by other similar firm would greatly assist the firm to borrow and make reasonable improvements.Many companies tend to focus on two research and development activities all together this is not the case with NEC. NEC prefers to entirely focus on research activities alone i n the international research center this decision is accompanied with a number

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Rise and Decline of the Witchhunts Essay Example for Free

Rise and declivity of the Witchhunts EssayThe Reformation time was a time of great change in ahead of time modern-day Europe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century Europeans were attempting to make sense of the frightening events that were happening, much(prenominal) as the Black dying and famine. To construe meaning in a world that seemed in constant chaos, early modern Europeans looked to find patterns that would set things right. The Reformation would not have happened if ordinary plenty had not convinced themselves that they were actors in a cosmic drama plotted by immortal that in the Bible he had left them a record of his plans and directions as to how to carry them out. The Reformations brought a new-fashioned direction of faith, where unrivaled had to be more spry in sensations own salvation. They also brought a profound sense of the business organisation of hell, and this order much of the actions of the reformed.The Reformations were a catalytic force in the rise of the enchantress hunts during sixteenth- and seventeenth- century Europe because they brought a new emphasis on the fear of the devil, a new direction of faith that required mortal-to-person accountability and brought a sense of guilt to the one that felt they were not doing as they should, and did a delegacy with the acquainted(predicate) tokens and practices of magical that characterized an aspect of pre-Reformation, early modern European religion. The Reformations also contributed to the decline of the siren hunts as religion evolved during the time period to include an aw atomic number 18ness of the sovereignty of God as well as biblical literalism. The Reformations contributed to the development of the bewitch hunts in several ways, the first being a new emphasis on the fear of the devil. In terms of the Protestant Reformation, this was not necessarily a contradiction to former Catholic beliefs of demonology, as Catholics had an awareness of the battlefront o f the devil.It was simply a new heightened fear of the devil and his influence in the world. Although the great reformers did little to change traditional Catholic demonology, they did tend to emphasize the presence of the call on the carpet in the world and exhibit a more profound fear of him. Catholic theology incorporated the presence of the Devil, but did not adopt the concept of blamed agency. However, during the Counter-Reformation, Catholics became just as diligent in expressing this fear of the Devil. Catholic priests a lot matched their Protestant colleagues in convincing their parishioners of Satans omnipresence and in airlift their fears of him. They could also be equally effective in encouraging them to campaign ceaselessly against him. This awareness of diabolical activity for both the Protestants and Catholics was a new phenomenon, and it was a beginning phase in the persecution of witches during the Reformation era in that witchcraft came to be mooted as the wo rk of the Devil.Along with this new emphasis on the peril of the Devil and diabolical temptation was an emphasis on one being active in jumper lead a morally conscious life and being responsible for ones own salvation. kinda of merely encouraging conformity to certain standards of religious observance ( such as attending church), the reformers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries instructed the people to lead a more demanding, morally rigorous life. Personal sanctity became the new pith for ones salvation. A side effect of the emphasis on personal piety was a deep sense of sin that people desire to relieve in any way possible. Naturally, one of the methods of relief was projection of guilt onto another person. A person regarded as a witch often took the brunt of that projection during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.In sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, many accusations arose when individuals refused to provide economic assistance to people who needed it a nd who came to ones door asking for it. In denying this aid, which both Catholic and Protestant moral teaching enjoined, the person naturally felt guilty, but by depicting the unaided person as a witch and therefore as a moral aggressor unworthy of support, he could rid himself of the guilt he was experiencing. Projection of guilt on to the witch eliminated the responsibility of the pious person to cope with it, as the witch was seen as someone practicing morally dubious acts. The traditional blend of pagan forms of magic and religion in Europe came under attack during the Reformations, which changed the methodology of early modern Europeans.In the opinions of the reformers, this was an effort to teach people the true Christian faith and proper forms of worship. One of the main purposes of this learning was to purify the faith by eradicating superstitious beliefs and practices, eliminating vestiges of paganism and suppressing magic (the great rival of true religion) in all its form s. In the minds of the reformers, anything that was not expressly from the Bible was not true. Furthermore, a belief in anything not found in what was believed to be the direct word of God, the Bible, was a sin. Those persons who sought to use objects for purposes which nature could not justify were guilty of idolatry, superstition, and at least implicitly of soliciting the aid of the Devil. This contributed to the witch hunts in that it took away the usual forms of protection that those who believed themselves victims of witches were accustomed to, such as using the sign of the cross or holy water, as the reformers considered these to be external tokens that confuse one from true communion with God.When that happened, the victims of witchcraft could easily have been led to the conclusion that the only way to deal with witches was to take legal action against them, thus leading to an increase in the number of prosecutions. The prosecutions of those pretend of witchcraft was a new direction for dealing with a familiar problem, brought about by the societal shifts that the Reformations brought to early modern Europe. Just as the Reformations contributed to the growth of the witch hunts, they also contributed to their decline. This can be attributed to such things as the Protestant emphasis on the sovereignty of God and Protestant Biblical literalism. The Protestant view of the sovereignty of God made the idea of the Devils diabolical power a heresy, as this implied that the Devil had power equal to that of Gods.The insistence upon Gods sovereignty led a number of Protestant writers and preachers to deny the Devils ability to produce certain types of marvels, such as hailstorms, and this fostered a scepticism toward maleficia that involved such wonders. To the reformers, Gods sovereignty not only meant that the Devil did not have equal power to Gods, but that he was under Gods control. And therefore let us mark (as experience also shows) devils may work many il lusions by enchantments. And truly such things are not done in the dark. For as long as we are enlightened by God, we need not fear that a man shall seem a skirt chaser to us, or that such trishtrash shall get the upper hand of us. This evolving theology changed the view on the diabolical power of the Devil through witches in that Gods power began to be viewed as absolute and Gods word as absolute truth.Protestant reformers focus on Biblical literalism contributed to the course of the witch hunts in that the Bible contained very few references to witches, and none to devil-worship. The Bible also gave evidence of the restraints that God dictated on the Devils power. Calvinism may have encouraged people to engage in an invariant war with Satan, but it also encouraged them eventually to define exactly what he could do and to adopt a purely spiritual view of him. Therefore, the previously held belief in the diabolical power of Satan, and the fear of the Devil, were well-nigh elimin ated. The Reformations brought great change to early modern Europe a new direction of faith, a new sense of the fear of Hell, a new emphasis on personal responsibility for salvation, and the elimination of magic as an aspect of life.These changes drove an increase in the witch hunts as early modern Europeans sought to make sense of the changes the Reformations brought by recognizing the witch as an instrument of evil rather than a practitioner, a projection on to the witch of their own guilt for sin, and the removal of magic as a familiar token of comfort when attempting to cope with their surroundings. Likewise, as the Reformations caused an increase in the witch hunts, they added to their decline as the reformers introduced the sovereignty of God which took away the diabolical power of the Devil, and the acceptance of the Bible as a literal instruction manual where mention of witches and worship of the Devil was virtually absent.Works CitedCalvin, John. Sermon on Deuteronomy (155 0). In witchery in Europe 400-1700 A Documentary History, Second Edition, by Alan Charles and Peters, Edward Kors, 267. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Levack, Brian. The Witch-Hunt in ahead of time fresh Europe, Third Edition. Harlow Pearson Education Limited, 2006. MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation A History. New York Penguin Books, 2005. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1971. 1 . Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation A History, (New York Penguin Books, 2005), 550. 2 . Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 112. 3 . Ibid, 114. 4 . Ibid, 114. 5 . Ibid, 115. 6 . Ibid, 117. 7 . Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, (New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1971), 256. 8 . Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 118. 9 . Ibid, 128. 10 . John Calvin, Sermon on Deuteronomy (1555), in Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700 A Documentary History, Second Edition, ed. Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001) 267. 11 . Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 129.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Effects of Pollution in China Essay Example for Free

Effects of Pollution in mainland chinawargon EssayIn the last two decades, the production line befoulment in china has increased substantially. The inadequacy of good ship quality is especially liberal in the much urban, industrialized beas of chinaware. Environment Minister Zhou Shengxian warned, If china meant to quadruple the size of its deliverance over 20 years without more damage, it would bewilder to become more efficient in pick use. Otherwise, there would be a painful price to pay (BBC News).The topic of charge contaminant is non a new concern to the world however, the effects of air contamination, especially to the hundred of thousands of pack presently or indirectly harmed by the side effects of bad air, should be of grave concern. According to the Ministry of Health, air pollution has made cancer the leading cost of death in mainland China. Air pollution non only meets the mess, but also the quality of fresh water, produce, and other natura l re rises. These kinds of environmental outcomes may search erratic in other countries but unfortunately, it has become the norm in China.In fact, air pollution in China since the 1980s has gotten so bad that many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) another(prenominal) of the industrialized areas in Beijing and abduct rarely see the sun but rather clouds of smoke and fog. China, with its infamous re nonplusation of becoming a global economic powerhouse, is ironically becoming its own popfall. In the midst of their tremendous economic and industrial offset, the efficiency outputs to support this growth are r each(prenominal)ing an all-time high which means there is more eternal rest of coal and displace burning released in the atmosphere.In order to understand the extent of pollution in China, one must understand the environmental, social, and political aspects of it. Currently, China is the leading nation in foothold of population. Even though China has approximately 1. 3 b fe d up(p)ion sight living in its territory, the knockout effects that pollution has taken upon the population is still of high concern although many people and authorities officials choose to not talk about it in order to not cause more lading on the already stressed sylvan. According to the solid grounds Resource Institute, respiratory disease is the tally one cause of death in China (Worlds Resources Institute).In some regions, especially the major industrial zones in Hebei Province, rates of chronic lung disease are at least five propagation higher than the rest of the country. Even the women who do not smoke cigarettes and are living around those areas necessitate the highest rates of lung cancer globally that pertains to the population of women who do not smoke (Worlds Resources Institute). It is estimated that annual wrong deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution were likely to reach 380,000 in 2010 and 550,000 in 2020 (BBC News).With these potential outcomes that are doubling e precise decade, China provide face even more troubles if these environmental productions are not dealt with now. In addition to air population, there is also the concern of water pollution which coincides with the big pass of environmental distress. In addition, many people who live near concentrated areas of pollution do not know how to protect themselves well because they are unaware of the long term effects of inhaling the air and alcohol addiction the water. Nearly half of Chinas population consumes drunkenness water contaminated with animal and pitying turn back and acidic rain and erosion.While there has been an boilersuit decline in mortality from pathogenic diseases, diarrheal diseases and viral hepatitis, both associated with fecal pollution of water, are the leading infectious diseases in China (Worlds Resources Institute). Because of contaminated, polluted water, China has the highest liver and stomach cancer deaths in the world. While the govern ing is command with wanting to censor all this preventable chaos, many more people are becoming ill and dying from the lack of clean resources. Water pollution has become an intricate fictional character of the problem as well.Many of the main rivers flowing through China have been the target for dumpsites for years. Because of its mass and distance, many people do not think twice when they dump their small bill of trash or waste inside the water however, if twenty thousand other people are having the same exact fairishification, wherefore it now becomes an environmental safety hazard as well as a social problem. As a result, it is estimated that three-quarters of the rivers running through Chinese cities are so polluted that they cannot be used for drinking or fishing. Even the infamous Yellow River is suffering from man-made environmental problems.Once the countrys second biggest source of fresh water, the river is now so polluted that almost 70% is hazardous to drink moreove r, because the river has been the target for over-exploitation for many years, the water tends to dry up before it reaches the sea for almost a third of the year. According to the World Health Organization, distinguishs estimate that diseases triggered by indoor and outdoor air pollution kill 656,000 Chinese citizens each year and polluted drinking water kills another 95,600 (Platt). The majority of the air pollution in China is generated by the burning of coal and fuel oil in order to generate electric power.They do not have that much hydropower, power that comes from the energy of massive moving water, to help with demand and go forth and, therefore, rely on the burning of coal. Coal is a natural resource that is abundant in amount but requires a dance orchestra of manpower and miners to obtain it all year. Because of its population and carrying capacity, China burns more coal to produce electricity than the U. S. , Europe and Japan combined. Air pollution and acid rain, which comes from the coal residue evaporating in the form of smoke into the atmosphere, is killing people.In addition to chemical and industrial factories producing all this dirtiness into the air, vehicles of transportation also add to this pollution epidemic. In the 1990s, the number of vehicles on roads increased very rapidly, especially in medium-sized and large cities. In Beijing, the number of vehicles increased by a factor of 4, from 0. 5 million in 1990 to 2 million in 2002. In addition, the emission factor, the amount of pollution emitted by one car, in China is much higher than in developed countries because China has much demoralise emissions standards for automobiles (The Chinese Academy).Thus, the drastic rise in the number of vehicles and rapid development of industries in cities has led to worsen air quality, particularly higher concentrations of nitrogen oxides. The burning of poor quality fuel only adds to urban air pollution. Considering the amounts of traffic that th e more urban, centralized cities deal with on a constant basis, the amount of fuel being burned into the atmosphere is reaching tremendous heights. Over the years, the brass had implemented their own slipway of dealing with the pollution problem as well as progressing social development.Embarrassed by the repercussions of industrialisation and urbanization, Chinas environmental agency insisted that the health statistics be removed from the published version of media reports because the government did not wish to cause social instability. According to Spiegel Online International, in 2007 the Chinese government put pressure on the World Bank to take potentially damaging statistics out of a report on pollution in China (Spiegel Online International). Reportedly, the World Bank reluctantly agreed to the demand of the Chinese government and this report about pollution was never published.Many people did not believe the Chinese government undergone such secretive endeavors to protect them but rather it was just the Communists impulsive response to every case of bad news to cover it as much as possible. The Chinese government a good deal has had a hard time prioritizing pressing issues at hand and, therefore, chooses to suppress it until the issue starts developing more and then reaches the attention of foreign countries. This kind of pattern has affected the Chinese government for many years now because of its lack of aggression towards personal, current issues.In terms of the environmental issues, Chinas model of pollution compared to that of the United States and Europe is worse because the density of its population is broader and people do not know how to protect themselves properly from the essential tools of life, water and air. Because of Chinas repute as being one of the leading nations in fast economic growth, the government places economic growth before any other problem the nation might have. Some may say, the country is given to fast growth and i nstances of progression.Having a strong, solid economy would place China on the map as a great superpower and can very well earn them the respect and recognition from every other nation. If China starts to slow down their industrial development and economic growth at all, the effects would be social instability, the potential to lose foreign business and trading partners, and takes away Chinas hard-earned reputation. Slowing down production to solve such insignificant problems may be a broaden for the Chinese government however, the threat of pollution is very much real and staggering, which in the long run, would affect the economy in a negative way.With the amount of health-related issues due to the environment, health care costs have climbed sharply. The lack of clean water has affected the farming and crop industry tremendously. The amounts of high energy-dependent industries create greater need for imported coal and fuel therefore, the environmental problems gradually get hard er and more expensive to dispense the longer they remain unresolved.According to National Geographic, the rate in which this pollution is harming women and hildren would have a great effect on the next generation of Chinas leaders, especially with the many recorded incidents of ingest defects and brain damage that pregnant women are inhaling everyday of their lives. The pollution in China is not just a current problem but an issue that can surely affect the future of China extensively. In recent years, the Chinese government have been striving to address these environmental issues and making reforms to abolish some of the effects.The government has set goals in order to reduce the emission of fuel and to conserve energy by reducing the level of energy that industries use as well as slowing down the demand for coals. Taking ideas from the United States, China has set to develop alternative methods of energy such as solar power. Yet most of the governments targets for energy effici ency, as well as better air and water quality, have not been reached. Although there are many targets and goals set forth by the government to fix this pollution problem, no real concrete actions has taken effect.Chinas lack of fundamental changes towards conservation and energy-efficient ways has resulted in no real progression. China refused to invest a lot of money and tax reforms to reach their supposed targeted goals. Even many bureaucratic leaders and city officials often do not invest their money and efforts into closing down factories and industries because that would hurt their local economies. In a way, the government reflects a dog-eat-dog world where everyone chooses to look out for themselves in order to prosper the most.In attempts to bite to their original goals, China began to explore the idea of the Green G. D. P in the mid 2000s. The Green G. D. P was an effort to create an environmental yardstick for evaluating the performance of every official in Chinait re wei ghd double-dyed(a) domestic product, or G. D. P. , to reflect the cost of pollution (BBC News). In other words, this was a way to calculate the financial loss that pollution has had on the economy and for the government to adjust their expenditures in such a way to reflect a better G. D. P.However, the calculations for some provinces in China reach staggering amounts that was impossible for the Chinese government to adjust because if they did, their growth rate for certain areas would be zero which means the overall economy would decline. Because of the failing numbers of the Green G. D. P for Chinas economy, the government pulled out of the check in 2007. The failed success of Green GDP for the Chinese government pushed the progression of environmental friendliness rescue back because of the financial and economic issues that arose from partaking in the Green G.D. P (New York Times). One such issue that China struggles with is realizing that any attempt or unrealistic goal set forth to fix the environment problem will always be met with many obstacles and resistance. Such unfortunate issues are part of the reason why China is reluctant in fixing their environmental problems and plays a role in the still on-going pollution issue today. In 2011, Toyota Motor announced that they will be making low-emission cars in China.Because China has the biggest grocery store for cars, Toyota Motor wanted to get into that mart in an environmentally friendly way. Along with having the biggest market for cars, China also has the biggest market for pollution. China was keen on welcoming the foreign aid of car expenditures to their market because of its emphasis on producing low-emission cars in the country. As China attempts to work towards its pollution problems after many failed efforts, the people foresee this as a positive business venture on both the Japanese and Chinese because it benefits both sides.Japan would create a bigger market for themselves in East Asia and China will be on the road of becoming more green and energy-efficient, a problem that they have been veneering for decades. All and all, it is safe to say that China as well as every other country around the world recognizes that the amount of pollution has increased tremendously. China has played a huge part in the matter because of its massive industrialization and urbanization that attributes to their fast economic growth.Although there are many Chinese officials and leaders out there who fail to see the correlation between air pollution and long-term health and social effects, the growth of air pollution is not going away. Although there are very few studies attributing the socio-economic class, population size, and demographics to the growth of air pollution, the presence of air pollution affects everybody. There is, indeed, a major correlation between air pollution and increased mortality therefore, China strived to undergo many environmental-friendly programs.In short, there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution is a health hazard in China. The importance of these increased health risks is greater than in developed countries because air pollution in China is at much higher levels and because the Chinese population accounts for more than one-fourth of the worlds aggregate population. Future research will need to clarify the lifetime course of air pollution effects, canvass the relevance of long-term exposures, understand alternative methods, and finding correlations between air pollution and health hazards for the Chinese population.Presently, Chinese needs to find a way to efficiently reduce pollution and increase air quality and find a way for industries to be properly monitored. This will enable the people and the Chinese government to be aware of the trends and consequences of air pollution, so they can determine how to remedy the situation in the future.

In What Ways Did Dengs Leadership Bring Change to China in the Late 1970s and 1980s Essay Example for Free

In What Ways Did Dengs Leadership Bring Change to China in the Late 1970s and 1980s EssayAfter Maos death in 1976, Deng put away the Maoist stinting model and decided to open China up to free market economic reforms and Western style capitalism all carefully controlled by the state still. He also introduced the one Child policy. The domestic social, policy-making, and most notably, economic systems would undergo significant changes during Dengs time as leader. The goals of Dengs reforms were summarized by the quadruplet Modernizations, those of agriculture, industry, science and technology and the military. The strategy for achieving these aims of becoming a modern, industrial nation was the socialist market economy.For agriculture, it changed for the better. Deng archetypal took steps to repair the damage done to farm production during the Great Leap Forward. In prop of the communes he established the contract responsibility system. Under this arrangement, the governmen t rented land to undivided farm families, who past decided for themselves what to produce. The families contracted with the government simply to provide a certain amount of crops at a set price. Once the contract was fulfilled, the families were free to sell any extra crops at markets for whatever prices they could get. This take place to make more currency by growing more crops greatly increased Chinas farm production. Since the introduction of the contract responsibility system, Chinese farmers produced about 8 percent more separately year than they did in the previous year. And many farmers have benefited greatly from the new plan. Under the contract responsibility system, families still did not own the land. The long-term leases awarded by the government, however, helped to develop an owner attitude among the farmers. As a result, many families have made improvements to the land.As for the economy, Deng attracted overseas companies to a series of Special Economic Zones, wh ere immaterial investment and market liberalization were encouraged. Which meant that China needed Western technology and investment, and that it could open the door to foreign businesses who wanted to set up in China.The reforms centered on improving labor productivity as well. New material incentives and bonus systems were introduced. Rural markets selling peasants homegrown products and the surplus products of communes were revived. Not only did outlandish markets increase bucolic output, they stimulated industrial development as well. With peasants able to sell surplus agricultural yields on the open market, domestic consumption stimulated industrialization as well and also created political support for more difficult economic reforms.Another change for China was its industry, the four modernizations bear on the industry positively. It provided electricity in the rural areas, industrial automation, a new economic outlook, and greatly enhance defense strength. His program for industry had two goals. First, he wanted people to spend more money on consumer goods. Therefore, he changed the focus from heavy industry to light industry, the production of small consumer goods such as clothing, appliances, and bicycles. He also wanted factories to step up production. So he gave more decision-making power to individual factory managers. And he started a system of rewards for managers and workers who found ways to make factories produce more.All in all, these changes brought good results, and changed China for the better and is the China that is here today. Dengs leadership really helped modernize China.

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Sibling Comparison of Everyday Use Essay Example for Free

Sibling Comparison of insouciant Use EssaySibling Similar Differences Everyday Use by Alice baby buggy tells a story of a mother who narrators the visit of her young lady from college and the battle between her two daughters. The mother, named Mrs. Johnson, gives descriptions of her daughters, Dee and Maggie, personality and looks, and for to each one one daughter description is opposite of each other. Additionally, Mrs. Johnson describes each daughters didactics level, which also differs. The only hidden similarity between these two sisters is the fact each one of them overlooks confidence. Dees lack of confidence is more implicit, while Maggies lack of confidence is explicit. By doing this, Walker has the mother to develop a secern between the sisters personality, appearance, and education, but forms a similarity from each sisters lack of confidence. Mrs. Johnson first reveals the differences between Dees and Maggies looks and personality. Mrs. Johnson states, Dee is l ighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a full figure (paragraph 10). This comparison of the two sister show that Mrs.Johnson favors Dees lighter skin tone, print of hair and body shape over her other daughter Maggie. Moreover, Mrs. John describes Dees foot as neat looking, as if God himself had shaped them with a certain style (paragraph19). Mrs. Johnson statement makes it more limpid that she praises Dees appearance more by including God more so in Dees world and never mentions it for Maggies creation. By her favoring the overall look of Dee causes her daughter to feel more deserving of nicer things and plain more confident than Maggie.However, this pedestal that Mrs. Johnson put Dee on, makes Dee feel superior to her family that causes Dee to reject her heritage and upbringing. Contrary to Dees look and personality, Maggie is described to be little appealing and confident. Mrs. Johnson portrays Maggie to be thin (paragraph 7) and that good lookspassed her by (paragraph 13). T his characterization of Maggie is insulting for a mother to say and exposes Mrs. Johnson favoritism. Additionally, she compares Maggies walk to that of a hit dog, showing that she prefer the overall look of Maggie. Mrs.Johnson then describes Maggie to always be chin on chest, eyes on the ground, feet in shuffle (paragraph 9). This description shows that Maggie lacks confidence to the point that she feels lower than people, especially her sister, and undeserving of things unlike her sister. The major contrast between the sisters is their education level. Dee is the sister that goes to college and seems to better herself, while Maggie stays at home and mostly taught about(predicate) things from her heritage. Dee is said to read without pity and force (paragraph 11) unwanted knowledge unto her family.Dee believes that this knowledge makes her higher than her family that creates a insulation between her and her family. Also by gaining this knowledge she is looking for an outside lif e and not that of her mother and sister. In order to do this she feels as though she must change her name. While Maggie, on the other hand, does not receive the same education, but instead take on her mother ways and lack in education. Maggie reading is described as choppy with stumbling. In addition, Mrs. Johnson makes it know that Maggie is not bright (paragraph 13) revealing that Maggie is uneducated.Maggie is less educated than Dee because their mother pushed education more on Dee. The reason Mrs. Johnson emphasis education more on Dee is because she felt that Dee was more suited for that high level life, more so than Maggie. Maggies lack of education causes her to accept her home life, stifling her from ever experiencing the outside world beyond their mothers yard. Walker may have set this educational difference up to show the dangerous that too more knowledge can lead to alienation, while the dangers of too little of an education can suppress a persons fulfillment, which thes e two sister show.Even with all these difference, both sisters share one last-ditch similarity of lacking confidence in some aspect of life. Maggie is seen in the forefront within her personality. Maggie is seen as shy and timid because of lifelong comparison to her sister that causes her not to feel worthless. Additionally, the scars she receives from the fire enhanced her lack of self confidence making her want to hide in the shadows. Similar to her sister, Dee shockingly lacks in confidence. contrary Maggie, Dee does not seem to be lacking in self-confidence.

Friday, April 12, 2019

Environmental Management Essay Example for Free

Environmental Management EssayThe world modality is changing and the do of global warm up are existence witnessed in various part of the world. Available researches points out human beings activities as the major case for mood change and global thawing. United States is the world leading emitter for global thaw pollution and its emission mainly being from parking area houses and burning of fossils. The country is now on the forefront in taking the appropriate footprints to contain the situation and it have come out with a program known as cap trade program. The cap-trade program which is a market ground entree utilizes the market forces to achieve purlieual protection which are cost in force(p) by self-aggrandising business both direct and flexible incentive to find innovative vogue of pollution reduction. The insurance has been implemented successively in several states and it is looking forward to be implemented at the matter level. The world climate is changin g and the evidence of global warming is unequivocal. According to the report of IPPC synthesis 2001 (Crowley, 2000), the profit in domain warmth is dated back in the years between 1900 and 1940 which later cooled discomfit between 1941 and 1965.Information collected from millions of thermometer in the world since 1860 shows an increase in the average surface impart measurement. These data which is believed to be the most accurate and useful in global climate description, shows 1998 as being the warmest year on record with 1990-2000 being the warmest decade. The global temperature has increased by approximately 0. 6 degrees since the opening of 20th century with 0. 4 of this occurring during 1970s (McIntosh Roderick, 2006).As result of alteration in the world eco trunk which consists of the automatic teller machine, ecosphere and loving sphere harmful gases have been released impacting negatively to our atmosphere. Scientists believe that the gases have led to global warming receivable to depletion of ozone layer. They attri merelye Human activities like deforestation and fossil combustion to increase of deoxycytidine monophosphate dioxide emission time organic wastes and fossil fuel mining increases the release of methane which is affect negatively on ozone layer (Hardoy et al, 2001). similarly Nitrogen fertilizers commonly used by farmers and release of refrigerant cfcs in factories increases nitrogen oxide and chlorofluorohydrocarbons gases respectively to the atmosphere (Hardoy et al, 2001). Over the years this gas has accumulated in the atmosphere bring adverse effect ranging from dose rains, climate change and depletion of the layer (Burroughs, 2001). Ozone layer is made up of ozone o3 molecules which three atoms of oxygen. It is located in the stratosphere percent of the atmosphere and it shields the harmful UV rays from the sun to reach the earth.Ozone layer depletion is the major cause of global warming and its effect such as Elevated tem perature and weather extremes. Melting of ice as witnessed in the charged Regions and flooding of major cities are clear indications of temperature elevations (Crowley, 2000). As human being competes to exhaust the precious resources about them they leave behind a serious environmental trauma which pauses danger not only to themselves but also to other living things (Hardoy et al, 2001).The environmental problems of the world today are much greater compared to digest century when the damage was smaller. It is predicted that the situation provide not reverse in near soon since the race is expanding and also the fact that human being have continued to stress for development without conservation of the environment (Broecker, 1995) In 2007 the panel consisting of the world leading scientist charged with the task of reviewing summarizing and validating the latest research cogitate that the warming of the climate is clear.The panel attributed enneadty percent of warming in the 50 s to green houses which are human creation. Other scientific reports have documented the specific impacts of warming including the melting put through of the artic ice cap, shifting of the wildlife habitat, increased heat waves and wild fires. The United States of the States is the global leading emitter of general warming pollution. The emission is mainly through green houses and also burning of fossils.Their however not spared by the effects of the climate change as they experience glaciers, flooding of cities and intense storms in their backyard (Broecker, 1995) The purpose of this news report is to critically analyze climate change as one of the environmental issues and discuss the policy that join states have put one overed in dealing with the issue. I wish to take the proactive side that thusly the climate change is being managed in the correct way in reducing its effects in the present and in the future.Important steps are being taken by various stakeholders in United Sta tes to contain the effects of climate change. In order to achieve reduction in grownup scale emissions as a necessary step to address climate change, there is need to adopt effective policies that stresses on shifting in the way the world uses and produces energy. Policy makers are treating the issue of climate change as an urgent one and are deploying currently available resources to reduce global warming pollution at all cost (Comiso, 2002)United States is now leading the way after years of inaction. The country now recognizes the need for effective environmental program for management of climate change which is perceived is a threat to environment and human beings in general. The climate policy which United States adopted is called cap-trade program. The stick out requires the natural gas producers to purchase allowances for emissions from downstream gas consumers with less likelihood that the cost will be passed to consumers.Cap and trade program was designed in united states and also tested and proven by the Americans as a program within the clean air amendment of 1990. Its success as shown in the supplement 1, led to be crowned the green success story by the economist magazine. The program which is a market based approach utilizes the market forces to achieve environmental protection which are cost effective by giving business both direct and flexible incentive to find innovative way of pollution reduction. The policy has been implemented successively in several statesGroups of states especially in the east and westernmost coast are coming together to set up market place for electric facilities to demoralize and sell credits to release carbon dioxide among other gases which lead to global warming (NYT, 2002). In lettuce an emission trading allowance program have been launched which uses electricity utility in more than nine north eastern states. Western states on their side have teamed up with Canadian provinces to unveil tho another ambitious tra ding system which encompasses both industries and utilities . the plan aim at reducing glasshouse emissions by 15% within 12 years.Also a program to have a carbon trading market aiming to be running by 2010 is underway in Wisconsin, Illinois and other Midwestern states. I am optimistic that this program will go along way in reducing the emissions charge for global warming and they will do so efficiently and less cheaply than regulatory program. newborn York merchantile first auction of emission allowance opened a new beginning in America response to change in climate, although reducing carbon dioxide is predicted to increase electric rates the cost will be lesser as compared to convectional regulation .to ensure protection of consumers. The program uses the cap and trade approach to realize proceeds that can be used to promote energy efficiency and conservation parsimoniousness money for household (Houghton, 2004) Emission dealings began in 1990 and focused on reducing sulfur di oxide which causes the panelling rain. The cap and trade program is preferred than the regulatory program since it is effective in cutting emissions rapidlyly. In fact with the both McCain and Obama supporting the cap and trade program there is high likelihood of case trading program which will cover the whole country (Houghton, 2004).The problem related to this policy is that it will lead to fewer natural gas wells which may result to shortfall in drudgery and over all reduction in supplies. High demand and low supply entails that prices will go high in order to meet the new climate goals. An eventual increase in consumer consumption is likely and the price will also drive gas dependent industries abroad resulting to job losses (Hardoy, 2001) Conclusion The great scholars seem to agree that the world climate is changing and the earth is warmer than it was a century ago.Scientist attributes the global warming to human activities such as fossil burning and deforestation. An imm ediate step is required in the establishment of compulsory emission limits joined with a market based system that provide for a reduction in emission which is cost effective. Nevertheless to address the issue of climate change cannot succeed without involvement of united sates. The starting point is a program that will alter United States to substantially and invariablely reduce their emission since they are the largest emitters of global warming pollution.There is need for quick enactment of energy policies which include more stern fuel efficiency regulations.ReferenceBroecker, W. C. (1995). The Glacial earth According to Wally. Eldigo Press, Columbia University, Palisades, New York Crowley, T. J. (2000). Origin of climate change over the past. UK Cambridge University Press, Comiso, J. C. (2002). A rapidly declining permanent sea ice cover in the Arctic. London Routledge press. New York Times (NYT) (2002, November 9).Waters and dying lobsters and warming waters. Times, 143, pp. 3 0-32 McIntosh Roderick (2006). Atmosphere, History, and Human Action. New York Columbia University Press, Burroughs, W. J. (2001, November 9). Climate change The Journal for Comparative Change, New York Times, Vol. 36-118-134. Hardoy et al, (2001). world(prenominal) warming multidisciplinary climatic approach. London Arnold press. Houghton, J. T. (2004, May 22). Global warming the Complete Briefing, 89-456-458 U. K Cambridge University Press.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Analysis and Interpretation Essay Example for Free

depth psychology and Interpretation Essay info compend and information variation are closely related, but capture different gists. Lets first define the meaning of the word information. Data is defined as factual breeding that can be aim as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. There are some(prenominal) different types of selective information. It can also be defined as tuition output by a sensing device or organ that includes both useful and irrelevant or redundant information and must be surgical impacted to be meaningful.Now that data has been defined, in order to put in concert the meaning and uses of data outline and interpretation, analysis and interpretation would need meaning and definition as well. outline is a word that is apply to define separation or breakdown of something whole into its sepa send components. In reference to data, data analysis is a breakdown of information and facts that were compiled or processed to form data. Data an alysis includes inspection of data, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to form supportive information.Data analysis is a process that contains several phases. There are two parts that are clearly defined, that is initial and main data analysis. Data cleaning is a relevant procedure that is is used to en original the high quality of data and the opportunity to rile corrections to any incorrect or improper data. During this process data is documented, corrected, and saved. An practice session of data analysis would be individuals submitted answers to a survey or pate. Their submissions would be processed to form data. So all of their submissions would be the data analysis.The conclusions of the poll or survey would lead to interpretation. Interpretation involves action. Data interpretation is applying statistical procedure to analyze specific facts from a study of body of research. It is the act or result of interpreting. It can be described as an explanation of results or reasoning. Interpretation is used to define data or justify actions due to received data. It is often used in the same sense as the word translation or decoding. Initial data analysis is the process of taking collected or ga in that locationd data, process it and develop conclusions and useful information.There are some guidance questions that can be used to frame this process. The first question is, what is the quality of the data,. The quality of data is very pertinent to take to the interpretation of data. We would want to review the quality of the data as early on in the process as possible. Next, we want to know the quality of measurements. According to the data being used, we want to be sure to use the proper method of measurement for accuracy. Keeping in mind, the intentions and purpose of ingathering the data, we should check the winner of data analysis.If the purpose was not met, one should check data sampling and make sure none of the data was compromised to manipulate t he results. If the process was successful, the results can be interpreted in a form that lose out present either a confirmation or exploratory approach. It is best to do this prior to collecting the data. Confirmatory would present clear hypotheses about the data, while exploratory can involve multiple models used to find ideas for a theory, but not to strain that theory. Confirmatory can be used to test theory and can prove to be more informative.Interpretation of data involves taking the raw facts, explaining the meaning or significance of data gathered. When the data is gathered and has been analyzed, one can take the findings and process them to bring on meaning. What that analyzed information means is the interpretation. There are different examples of data analysis and interpretation. As mentioned earlier, poll and survey, research studies of data samples. The results of data interpretation can be presented as a number, a statement, an explanation, or visually on a chart o r graph for easier comparison.This method can be say to be a correlation method. This occurs when two or more sets of data are compared to see if there is in fact some relationship between two or more sets of data. Descriptive statistics is some other type of interpretation. Mathematically referred to as the average number in a set. This method is used to get an individuals final grade, as an example. This can also be used as a guide on a growth/height chart. Referenced when many people shop to make sure they are not paying or offering above or below average. regression coefficient is used to establish the cause of correlation or the relationship between two sets of data. Many passkey employed by major companies, financial, medical, and, educational field use this method for different uses. Financial companies use data analysis and interpretation to set rates and increase productivity. Medical professionals perform data analysis on individuals and on large population of people. T hey use this information to keep up with average age, weight, or even regional location of a specific disease or disorder.Educators use data analysis and interpretation not only to evaluate existing or potential students, but also as a way to keep track of the enrollment of students. They track how many students enroll and transfer to another(prenominal) school, the graduation and dropout rate. They also are able to compile data to accommodate students and set tuition rate and introduce or discontinue certain courses. All three of the aforementioned fields, also use this data method to present themselves to the public.Their funding also depends upon the information gathered from research and planning according to their results of data analysis and interpretation. We see evidence of data analyst and interpretation numerous times a day. redress quotes, medicine dosage, gas prices, even the order in which items are placed on the shelves in grocery store stores. A study has been done to find out how to make consumers spend more when they shop. Grocers and retailers have used this study to arrange their products and to make changes to their store layout, to become more appealing to shoppers.

Monday, April 8, 2019

Heat of Combustion Essay Example for Free

Heat of burning EssayMapua Institute of Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Physical Chemistry I Experiment No. 6 Heat of electrocution Alain John Cantaa, Jefunnie Matahumb, Marife Comprac, Nino Adrian Rodelasa, a b Bachelor of perception in Chemical Engineering, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Bachelor of learning in Biological Engineering and Chemistry, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering c Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mapua Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHeat of flame Calorimeter Aromaticity Relative energies Heat of reboundation Date submitted March 02, 2013 ABSTRACT The conflagrate of burning, ? H, can be deliberate through a bomb calorimeter. It is the pushing released as passionateness when a compound undergoes complete conflagration with oxygen under standard conditions. The chemical reactio n is typically a hydro carbon copy reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and hop up. It may be expressed with the quantities nada/ groin of fuel (kJ/mol), energy/mass of fuel, energy/ intensity level of fuel.The heat of blaze is conventionally banknoted with a bomb calorimeter. It may also be calculated as the difference between the heat of formation of the products and reactants. The experiment aimed to determine the heat of conflagration of some hydrocarbons namely, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose and to be familiarized with calibration of bomb calorimeter. Parr 6200 Bomb Calorimeter, a twist that measures heat of burns of different compounds, and the Parr 6510 water handling trunk were used. The samples used were benzoic acid, naphthalene and sucrose.The results of the experiment showed that naphthalene has the highest heat of combustion followed by benzoic acid and sucrose, respectively. The analysis of the molecular structure of the samples found tha t increasing aromaticity of compounds yield to a higher enthalpy of combustion. Discussion of the relative energies of the bonds broken in combustion had contributed to the overall concept of the experiment. In general, the heat of combustion of a certain compound can be measured in a typical bomb calorimeter and aromaticity is directly proportional to the heat of combustion of a particular compound. . Introduction burning is the chemical term for a process known more commonly as burning. It is one of the earliest chemical changes noted by humans, due at least in part to the dramatic personal effects it has on materials. 1The mechanism by which combustion takes place is well understood and is more correctly be as a form of oxidation. This oxidation occurs so rapidly that noticeable 1 Charles E. Smith heat and light are produced. In general, the term oxidation refers to any chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen.For example, when iron is exposed to air, it combi nes with oxygen in the air. That form of oxidation is known as rust. Combustion differs from rust in that the oxidation occurs much more rapidly, giving off heat in the process. The first of all law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic process where the change in internal energy is equal to the difference in heat added and work done by the system. When a chemical reaction occurs in an open container almost of the energy gained or lost is in the form of heat. Calorimetry is the study of the measure of heat of both physical and chemical reaction. In a uniform-volume calorimeter, the heat measured, qv is merely the internal energy of the system for no expansion work is done at constant volume. A calorimeter is the device used for the process of calorimetry. 3 There are many kinds of calorimeters namely the bomb calorimeter, the calvet-type calorimeter, the isothermal calorimeter, the differential scanning calorimeter and the constant-pressure calorimter. Calorimeters can measure heat changes and as well as heat constants much(prenominal) as heat of formation and heat of combustion.Heat of combustion or Hc is the energy released when one mole of a compound is reacted with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and water as end products. Theoretically, the heat of combustion can be calculated using the heat of formation of the products and reactants or using the bond enthalpies bonds formed and broken. One of the most widely used calorimeters today, is the bomb calorimeter. 4 A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant volume device which makes the system isolated from the surroundings. It is an excellent device in measuring stick heat of chemical processes including the heat of combustion.The bomb calorimeter is used to completely burn substances to produce water and CO2 in an excess of oxygen. The heat of combustion released is absorbed by the calorimeter vessel in which the bomb is immersed, and result s in a temperature increase ? T. The temperature measuring device in the bomb calorimeter, measures the heat change in the water. The bomb calorimeter uses the following equation to measure heat changes. Q? ?t * e m 1 where Q is the energy involved, ? t is the change in temperature of the system, e is the energy equivalent of the calorimeter, and m is the mass of the sample.In this type, the heat measured for the sample burned at constant volume, qv is the change in internal energy of the substance from its initial to final states. 1The enthalpy change, (the heat of combustion for this process) is related to the internal energy, by the equation below. 2 3 Physical Chemistry 4th reading Atkins Physical Chemistry 8th edition 4 Principles of Chemical Engineering. 7th Edition Page 2 of 11 The enthalpy of combustion can be calculated from the temperature rise, which results when the combustion reaction occurs under adiabatic conditions in a calorimeter.It is important that the reaction in the calorimeter take place rapidly and completely. The objectives of the experiment were to setup and use a bomb calorimeter as well as to obtain the value of the heat of combustion of some hydrocarbons namely, benzoic acid, naphthalene, and sucrose using the bomb calorimeter. and electric heater and has a precision electronic thermometer. Temperatures are measured with a high precision electronic thermometer using a specially knowing thermistor sensor sealed in a stainless steel probe which is fixed in the calorimeter cover.Measurements are taken with 0. 0001o resolution over a 20oC to 40oC working range, with all readings shown in Celsius. It has a semi-automatic system for charging the bomb with oxygen. Oxygen from a commercial cylinder is connected to a microprocessor controlled solenoid installed in the calorimeter. In make full the bomb, the filling hose connector slips onto the bomb inlet valve. The filling proceeds automatically at a controlled rate to a pre-set press ure. 5 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1 Equipments used The equipments used were Parr 6200 Bomb Calorimeter and Parr 6510 Water Handling System.

Sunday, April 7, 2019

About Myself Essay Example for Free

around Myself establishIn 1914, World war I began and was commonly referred to around the world as The War To End All Wars and The Great War. As volunteers for the war ran out, the governance had to go into a draft. As names were getting pulled, the soon to be soldiers were being pulled out as just a number, not even a name. Following the conclusion of World War I was the emergence of The Great first. Millions of state were out of work, and there was an alarming concern for the elderly and retired Americans who had lost everything. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the headmaster Social Security Act into law. At that time, the US was just beginning to recover from the Great Depression and the program was intended to be -and essentially still is today a social insurance program. It is a government-run program providing economic security to our citizens (Social). In E.B. sportys About Myself, it can be seen how White viewed poetry as de mercifulizing.Today, our number seem as secretive as our fingerprints. We buy shredders to obliterate any paper with the very numbers White puts out for all to see My social security number is 067-01-9841. I am married to US Woman Number 067-01-9807. In About Myself E.B. White satirizes the American government in rule to deviate American citizens to stop describing people using numbers beca accustom it is dehumanizing. E.B. White uses accent to satirize the American government in order to persuade American citizens to stop describing people with numbers. For example, White talks most how he and his father were both of medium height. This strategy appeals to American citizens because it makes them take about how the one time it would have been appropriate to use numbers as a descriptive term, he decides to use an adjective. By using an adjective versus using a number is shows how he would thus become selfsame(a) amongst most Americans.See more Homelessness as a social problem EssayOne of the fi rst things Americans use to recognise someone is based on their height, whether they are short or tall, so by not using a number and referring to his height as medium height, it makes him indistinguish equal to be spotted and picked out amongst most Americans. After glance overing this essay, Americancitizen depart begin to use characteristics instead of using numbers to describe people. E.B. White uses a sarcastic tone to mock the American government in order to persuade American citizens to stop describing people with numbers. For example, Neither parent had a social security number and neither was socially secure. The strategy of sarcasm appeals to American citizens because it makes the American citizens look about how they do not need number to feel socially secure.By showing how Americans citizens do not need social security to be secure, it shows how when people socially interact with each other, they do not need or use to numbers to be able to socially talk with lodge so it would not seem necessary to use numbers in order to be able to describe someone. After reading this, American citizens lead begin to use characteristics instead of numbers so they are not dehumanizing. E.B. White uses the hyperbole of numbers to satirize the American government in order to persuade American citizens to stop describing people with numbers. For example, for almost everything he uses to describe himself or others he uses a number to emphasize how people are describing with the use of numbers versus the use of their characteristics.The strategy of hyperbole will appeal to American citizens because it will make them think about how they describe people, whether its based on numbers or characteristics. By thinking about how they are describing people, it will make them think about how it is dehumanizing to describe people as if they were just a number or object and not a human being. After reading this essay, American citizens will stop using numbers to describe peop le and will begin to use characteristics.In About Myself E.B. White satirizes the American government in order to persuade American citizens to stop describing people using numbers because it is dehumanizing. Throughout his entire essay, White constantly describes everything about himself with a number whether it was a person or an object. As a result, after American citizens read this essay, they will stop referring to and using numbers as a way to describe a person, and in turn they will use characteristics because that it less dehumanizing.Works CitedSocial Security Why It Was Created How It Works. Lawyers.com. 1 Jan.2014. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. .

The GDP Term Essay Example for Free

The gross domestic harvesting Term Essaygross domestic product should re every last(predicate)y stand for egregiously Deceptive harvesting The Economist What does gross domestic product actually pulsation?When discussing about the economy of one landed estate, people oftentimes talk about Gross Domestic intersection (gross domestic product). However, there be a fleck of disagreements among economist about the economic treasure of gross domestic product. Therefore, this render will discuss whether or non gross domestic product is an ideal standard of the development of a nation. It prototypical explores the term gross domestic product and personal manners to measure it. The essay then comp bes gross domestic product with Gross study Product (GNP) and Human Development Index (HDI). According to Mankiw (2011), the measure of all final goods and serve in the grocery produced within a country in a inclined time span is defined as GDP. Through this definition, there is only one measure of all the value of the economic activities for a cat of products, and both goods and services be included in GDP at their grocery value. Nevertheless, comparing the value of one product to the other is not always easy, for example it is difficult to say if an orange is more(prenominal) valu adequate to(p) than an apple as different consumers value a good differently. It is important to have criteria to punctuate the value of different goods and services. Hence, the market price was introduced in order to identify the volume of customers who ar able to purchase particular products.To measure GDP by using the market value helps to include a wide range of commodities in the market. Not only are common items such as food, enclothe and other aliveness necessity but in addition the housing services included in the market value. By measuring GDP this way, many another(prenominal) dividing line activities like market rental housing reverberate the market va lue and become indicators of the market. Moreover, volume of owner-occupied housing can be used to measure the market rental value of a country. Nevertheless, according to Abel et al (2008), although this measurement of GDP encompasses a image of goods and services, it still does not cover some products like which are traded in informal markets.It is ideal that all of the goods and services exiting in the market are reflected by means of GDP. However, in many cases measuring the value of a number of goods and services in non-market and sinful markets is impossible, this makes measuring GDP more difficult. For instance, although the vegetables consumers buy in supermarkets are included in GDP, the ones that farmers grow in their gardens are not counted in GDP. Moreover, it is obvious that the trade of illegal drugs and other products is not counted in GDP. In addition, manufacturing and trading goods and services often relate to the impact in the environment. However, the benefit s of clean air and natural water are not traded in the market and GDP does not reflect actions to reduce pollution or improve environmental quality.There are three chief(prenominal) modes for measuring GDP, namely product approach, pulmonary tuberculosis approach and income approach. According to Tucker (2011) the product approach is found on value- added concept it measures economic activity by summing the value added by all producers. In this product approach, the market value of the goods and services traded in the market are included in the economic activities. Nevertheless, the value which is produced and used up in the intermediate stage of the manufacture process is excluded.The second approach is ground on expenditure, it consider GDP from a different angle by including expenditure in content income account. GDP is measured as the total spending of final commodities within a nation during a certain period of time. The spending is categories into four kinds, which adde d to get the GDP (Y), they are consumption (C), investment (I), government activity purchase of goods and services (G), and net exports of goods and services, indicating the difference amid export and import (NX= X-M).Therefore, GDP by expenditure approach is radiation diagramted as follow Y= C+ I + G+ NX (Brezina, 2012).The third method measuring GDP is the income approach, which takes in to account the income gained by manufacturers, such as profits and taxes nonrecreational. There are eight types of national incomes, which are* Compensation of employees consists of workers incomes including salaries, wages, pension plans or other benefits businesses de have intercourser to their employees * Income of Proprietors includes great income and elbow grease incomes of the non-incorporated self-employed. * Peoples Rental income people who have lands, structures or properties can rent them out and induce an amount of money this is called rental income. * Corporate Profits this is t he amount of money earned by corporations through their business activities. Corporate profits are the results of corporate revenue after rents, wages and costs deductions.* meshing income is the income of individuals earned from their businesses or paid by businesses or other sources after tax deduction or interest paid. * Taxes on production and imports this encompasses indirect business taxes * Business latest transfer payments (net) these are payments which governments or individuals receive from businesses as charitable donations from insurance payments or translation. It should be notice that these payments are not paid for taxes, wages or service charges. * Current surplus of government enterprises these are businesses profits owned by government including electricity, water, public transportations and so forth.There are three main concepts of GDP, namely nominal GDP, authenticistic GDP and GDP deflator. Tucker (2011) defines The nominal GDP means that the value of all fi nal goods which establish on the prices existing during the time period of production. It is know as present-day(prenominal) dollar or money GDP and it increases in three different ways. Firstly, it increases when return rises while prices remain unchanged. Nominal GDP besides grows when prices increase while the output is constant. The final way which is seen in the typical case, is that both of output and price rise.A major distinction mingled with nominal and documentary GDP is to measure the gaps between changes in output and the price aim which relate to marketing. When the current dollar GDP of a country increases significantly, it is possible that its productions have enlarged markedly. Nevertheless, it is probably that inflation is increasing, so the prices of goods and services grow accordingly. As for the real GDP, the value of all final products production based on the existing prices in a given year. The real GDP which is measured after taking inflation in to accou nt is also known as constant dollar GDP.A price index used to measure the overall level of prices of goods and services included in GDP is defined as the GDP deflator, which is formulated as GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/ Real GDP) x coulomb. It is a measure of the average level of prices for some specified chasten of products, proportionate to the prices in a specified based year. Hence, the choice of base year decides the value of real GDP and the GDP deflator. In addition, Brakman et al (2006) suggests the method to calculate the real GDP by the use of the chained volume measure of GDP and to take an average of the variation in price.Another way to measure the status of a national economy is through Gross National Product (GNP) and many governments use it as a standard to measure their economy. Brakman et al 2006 defines GNP as the market value of the goods and services, which produced by labor and property of residents of a country. GNP and GDP are different in that they treat o utput generated by capital and labours having job outsides its home country differently (Abel et al 2008). bandage the former takes into account the market value of final goods newly produced by domestic factors of production during the current period, the latter only includes production produced within a country.To illustrate, a Chinese worker working in the US, on one excrete his services are part of American GDP, on the other hand they contribute to China GNP. In addition, besides labor services, the difference between GNP and GDP also hold for many factors of production like capital. The differentiation between them is calculated as in the formula GDP= GNP- NFP. Abel et al referred NFP as net factor payments from abroad, which to be income paid to domestic factors of production by the rest of the world minus income paid to contrasted factors of production by domestic economy. However, in reality the value of GDP is similar to that of GNP. For example, British GDP was only 0.2 % lower than its GNP, $ 1415 billion compared with $ 1417 billion. That is a reason why only two countries out of thirty six having an income level of over $ 100 billion differentiate GDP and GNP.Though the argument whether GNP or GDP is an ideal measurement of national development is debatable, both of the measures still cannot cover many other aspects of the national economy. There are a number of drawbacks pointed out. For instance, it is difficult to set up the best criteria to measure standard of living, quality of goods and services generated the economy activities in shadow economy, welfare issues, income inequality and the negative externality issue (Brezina, 2012). As a result, it is possible that in a country with high GDP not every people live in high standard or benefit form that high GDP.Regarding to the case of China, the China GDP demonstrates approximately equal market value to that in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, China GDP per capita according to current price s is 19 clock lower than that of the UK, indicating a relatively huge gap in GDP per capita between the two nations. Likewise, Australia and India have the same situation as that between China and the UK. Both of these countries have closely the same level of GDP on the other hand, GDP per capital of Australia is 46 measure great than that of India.In terms of PPP, the number of goods and services purchased with a unit of each countrys bullion is measured by this indicator. PPP takes into consideration the differences in price levels of different goods and different demand patterns in different countries. In PPP calculation approach, the amount of disposal income per capita in the UK is secure seven times higher than that in China. Similarly, the amount of disposal income per capital in Australia is just 17 times large than that in India. By PPP indicator, income gaps between countries are much narrower than those calculated by GDP per capital indicator.It should be noticed t hat the increase in GDP trend when it is measured by the government is not always a positive sign. GDP increases could be resulted from either economic development or inflation. Therefore, in the case that GDP increase because of inflation then the increase in GDP does not maven to the increase in living standard alternatively, it would remain the same. Furthermore, According to Abel et al., (2008), there are a number of trades are excluded from GDP such as illegal transactions with drugs, smuggling or other business activities which are not declared formally on documents.Therefore, the total amount of GDP is somewhat flaw when it only could measure formal and legal economic activities which are demonstrated under formal documents. In a number of countries including Nigeria, Bolivia and Switzerland, informal business activities under shadow economy account for a commodious amount of percentage of total GDP. Nigeria, Bolivia and Switzerland had 77%, 67% and 9% of GDP of those acti vities in the shadow respectively.The definitions of GDP are flawed thus, there has not any comprehensive definition for GDP. Therefore, According to Robert KennedyThe GDP measures uncomplete our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to the country. It measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worthy living (Robert Kennedy)Although GDP indicates average income level in a country functioning as sailing for living standard, it does not what it is spent on. Generally, HDI (Human Development Index) has a huge gap with GDP. HDI is regarded as a well-grounded measure of a nations progress it is the result of the average value of the three indices called educational attainment, longevity and income (Karalay, 2005, p.214). Furthermore, there has been a major concern about inequality in income, which facing the lieu of GDP. China can be used as a typical example since the richest 10% income is 18.4 times than the 10% poorest. Ultimately, measuring GDP failed in addressing the cost of negative externality and the value of leisure actually, these factors are ignored in GDP.Thus, the calculation of GDP is based on the assumption that most of population just does business activities. Moreover, it is hard to quantify the cost of environment. Although the increase in GDP indicates the development of an economy, factors such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and annoy are not taken into account in calculating GDP. Environment has been come a major issue for the new generation, who have been attempting to protect the environment, which are under a great deal of damage. Therefore, the concept of Green GDP has been introduced. Leisure life, a life-and-death indicator of favorable and economic welfare was not counted in GDP. In order to increase GDP, people, workers and employees often have to increase their working hours, thus, reduce their leisure time. The value of leisure is hard to be measured but it is also regarded as services and goods expected by the people in a country. GDP often excludes leisure activities.For example, in Taiwan, government imposes the policy which allows workers to have two days off at weekend. Although this policy would increase cost of employers, it would increase social welfare in general. Because of incomprehensiveness, GDP is unable to provide people a thorough picture of a national economy such as living standard, social welfare and so on. GDP is actually just a number given by government in order to demonstrate its people that government is working hard for the prosperity of a nation. GDP measures have been facing a large number of limitations. According to the economist Joseph Stiglitz, there should be another measurement.Hence, he introduced the concept Gross Deceptive Product in the Commission on the touchstone of Economic Performance and Social Progress report in 2009. In this report, limitations in measuring GDP is emphasized then additional information needed for the introduction of more comprehensive indications is presented. The report also evaluates the feasibility of alternative measurement tools of GDP. In addition, the report introduced twelve improvements in the ways to measure economic development. For example, income and consumption should be assessed rather than production household perspective, income and consumption should be emphasized together with wealthiness broaden income measure to non-market activities and so forth.Despite a great deal of flaw, GDP has contributed greatly in measuring the development of a country as well as providing important information for foreign investment and immigration. Nevertheless, GDP is not a perfect statistic since it is unable to demonstrate living standard and social welfare. GDP is just can general information of national wealth and income.ReferenceAbel A B, Bernanke B S and Crouchore D (2008), Macroeconomics, 6th Ed, Pearson Education Inc, BostonBrakman S, Garretsen H, Marrewijk C V and Witteloostuijn A V (2006), National and Firms in the Global An Introduction of International Economics and Business, Cambridge University Press, CambridgeBrezina C (2012), Understanding the Gross Domestic Product and the Gross National Product, The Rosen Publishing Group Inc, New YorkKaralay G N (2005), Integrated approach to rude development policies, programmes and strategies, Concept Publishing Company, IndiaMankiw N G (2011), Principles of Economics, Cengage Learning, USATucker I B (2011), Macroeconomics for Today, seventh Ed, South- Western Cengage Learning, USA